Table 3

Overview of the 22 selected academic research and their identified sub-themes

Main themesSub-themesReferences
outside environmentpolitical-legalKim (2004), Rotchanakitumnuai (2017), Gretzel (2018), Buhalis and Amaranggana (2015), Lamsfus et al. (2015), Boes et al. (2016) 
economicBuhalis (2000), Femenia-Serra et al. (2019), Kim (2004) 
technologicalFemenia-Serra et al. (2019), Buhalis (2000), Kim (2004), Rotchanakitumnuai (2017), Gretzel (2018), Buhalis and Amaranggana (2015), Lamsfus et al. (2015), Boes et al. (2016), Gretzel et al. (2015) 
securityRotchanakitumnuai (2017), Gretzel (2018), Buhalis and Amaranggana (2015), Lamsfus et al. (2015), Boes et al. (2016), Buhalis and Law (2008), AlHogail (2018), Gretzel et al. (2015) 
culturalAlHogail (2018), Kim (2004), Femenia-Serra et al. (2019), Rotchanakitumnuai (2017) 
inside environmentBusiness environmentRotchanakitumnuai (2017), Gretzel (2018), Buhalis and Amaranggana (2015), Lamsfus et al. (2015), Boes et al. (2016), Buhalis (2000) 
managerialKim (2004), Buhalis (2000) 
humanKim (2004), Rotchanakitumnuai (2017), Gretzel (2018), Buhalis and Amaranggana (2015), Lamsfus et al. (2015), Boes et al. (2016) 
organizationalKim (2004), Gretzel et al. (2015) 
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