Table 1.

Overview of sustainability practices and their classification in terms of sustainability dimensions

Sustainability pillarSustainability practicesReference
Environmental pillarReduction of water emissionsDe Steur et al. (2020); Corbo et al. (2014); Luzzani et al. (2021); Bandinelli et al. (2020); Lekics (2021); Pizzol et al. (2021) 
Reduction of air emissionsDe Steur et al. (2020); Corbo et al. (2014); Luzzani et al. (2021); Bandinelli et al. (2020); Lekics (2021); Pizzol et al. (2021) 
Reduction of ground emissionsDe Steur et al. (2020); Corbo et al. (2014); Luzzani et al. (2021); Bandinelli et al. (2020); Lekics (2021); Pizzol et al. (2021) 
Cultivation and production practices that reduce the use of synthetic chemicalsDe Steur et al. (2020); Corbo et al. (2014); Luzzani et al. (2021); Bandinelli et al. (2020); Lekics (2021); Pizzol et al. (2021) 
Waste reduction and recycling promotionDe Steur et al. (2020); Corbo et al. (2014); Luzzani et al. (2021); Bandinelli et al. (2020); Lekics (2021); Pizzol et al. (2021) 
Improvement of energy efficiency and/or use of renewable sourcesDe Steur et al. (2020); Corbo et al. (2014); Luzzani et al. (2021); Bandinelli et al. (2020); Lekics (2021); Pizzol et al. (2021) 
Conservation initiatives for local nature resourcesCorbo et al. (2014); Luzzani et al. (2021); Bandinelli et al. (2020); Pizzol et al. (2021) 
Sourcing strategies from sustainable suppliers (e.g. choose the suppliers on the basis of their sustainability performance)Corbo et al. (2014); Pizzol et al. (2021) 
Use of sustainable packaging (type of materials, lower weight, etc.)De Steur et al. (2020); Corbo et al. (2014); Bandinelli et al. (2020); Pizzol et al. (2021) 
Sustainable design and construction (vineyard, cellar, buildings, etc.)De Steur et al. (2020); Luzzani et al. (2021); Bandinelli et al. (2020); Pizzol et al. (2021) 
Choice of autochthonous and/or historical varietiesLuzzani et al. (2021); Pizzol et al. (2021) 
Minimal intervention in wine making (e.g. endogenous yeasts, additives)Pizzol et al. (2021) 
Practices for the enhancement of biodiversityDe Steur et al. (2020); Corbo et al. (2014); Luzzani et al. (2021); Bandinelli et al. (2020); Pizzol et al. (2021) 
Participation in sustainability projectsDe Steur et al. (2020); Corbo et al. (2014); Luzzani et al. (2021); Bandinelli et al. (2020); Pizzol et al. (2021) 
Landscape preservation initiativesDe Steur et al. (2020); Corbo et al. (2014); Luzzani et al. (2021) 
Social pillarFair salary of employeesCorbo et al. (2014); Luzzani et al. (2021) 
Attention to the contractual stability of workersCorbo et al. (2014); Luzzani et al. (2021) 
Attention to working conditions (e.g. job security, flexibility in time management)Corbo et al. (2014); Luzzani et al. (2021) 
Measures and/or extra courses to improve worker safetyCorbo et al. (2014); Luzzani et al. (2021); Pizzol et al. (2021) 
Initiatives to reduce discrimination in the workplaceCorbo et al. (2014); Luzzani et al. (2021); Pizzol et al. (2021) 
Integration of young workers (e.g. paid internships, hiring)Corbo et al. (2014); Luzzani et al. (2021); Pizzol et al. (2021) 
Company climate monitoring (employee happiness, engagement, etc.)Corbo et al. (2014); Luzzani et al. (2021); Pizzol et al. (2021) 
Prioritize the recruitment of staff from the local communityCorbo et al. (2014); Luzzani et al. (2021); Pizzol et al. (2021) 
Courses on sustainability practices for employeesCorbo et al. (2014); Luzzani et al. (2021) 
Attention to legality (for example, regular billing, regular contracts, measures against counterfeit, activities on property confiscated from criminal organizations)Luzzani et al. (2021) 
Adoption of a code of ethicsLuzzani et al. (2021); Pizzol et al. (2021) 
Collaboration with local authorities or other members of society for sustainability promotionLuzzani et al. (2021); Pizzol et al. (2021) 
Support for local community initiativesCorbo et al. (2014); Luzzani et al. (2021); Pizzol et al. (2021) 
Initiatives and investments for the dissemination of cultureCorbo et al. (2014); Luzzani et al. (2021); Pizzol et al. (2021) 
Strategies to promote consumer healthCorbo et al. (2014); Luzzani et al. (2021) 
Strategies to promote the health of workers and the local communityCorbo et al. (2014); Luzzani et al. (2021) 
Initiatives that engage with less privileged members of societyCorbo et al. (2014); Luzzani et al. (2021) 
Choice of non-risky practices for the territory and the communities (e.g. changing chemical spraying times to reduce impact on locals)Corbo et al. (2014); Luzzani et al. (2021) 
Donations to social or environmental development projectsCorbo et al. (2014); Luzzani et al. (2021) 
Cultural and artistic initiatives that promote the link between wine and artCorbo et al. (2014); Luzzani et al. (2021) 
Engagement in initiatives involving sustainability awardsDe Steur et al. (2020); Luzzani et al. (2021) 
Economic pillarAdherence to quality label DOC/DOCGDe Steur et al. (2020) 
Using specific distribution channels (e.g. organic shops, specialty stores)De Steur et al. (2020) 
Adherence to local certificationsDe Steur et al. (2020) 
Adherence to internationally recognized certification programsDe Steur et al. (2020) 
Participation in projects for the enhancement of the territory/denomination at an international levelDe Steur et al. (2020) 
Participation in collaborative networks in the area (business networks, partnerships with companies in other sectors or with public bodies, purchasing groups, etc.)Luzzani et al. (2021) 
Sharing of sustainability objectives with key players in the supply chainDe Steur et al. (2020) 
Involvement of stakeholders to evaluate the external perception of the companyLuzzani et al. (2021) 
Preparation for a sustainability reportDe Steur et al. (2020) 
Organization of moments of exchange of information/knowledge between firm departmentsLuzzani et al. (2021) 
Investments in research and developmentDe Steur et al. (2020); Corbo et al. (2014) 
Investments in benefit corporations or social enterprisesCorbo et al. (2014); Luzzani et al. (2021) 
Coordination between the actors of the production chain
Adoption of innovative technologiesBandinelli et al. (2020); Pizzol et al. (2021) 
Increased degree of automationBandinelli et al. (2020) 
Adoption of traditional/artisanal technologiesLuzzani et al. (2021); Bandinelli et al. (2020) 
Reuse of waste materials in a circular economy perspectiveLuzzani et al. (2021) 
Monitoring water, electricity, fuel consumption, etc.De Steur et al. (2020); Corbo et al. (2014); Luzzani et al. (2021); Bandinelli et al. (2020); Lekics (2021) 
Source(s): Authors’ own elaboration

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