Table 2 Key well-being shifts and... | Emerald Publishing

Table 2

Key well-being shifts and examples

Concept	Definition	RCE lens	Example
Individual reduced well-being	A reduction in the level of an individual actor's positive affect and degree of life satisfaction (Deci and Ryan, 2008)	An individual actor has fewer resources available for integration to solve challenges faced, resulting in an imbalanced RCE for the individual actor. The individual actor is not thriving but may still function adequately in day-to-day life	JobActive employment programs were aimed at moving unemployed people off welfare and into work in Australia. However, about 78% of welfare recipients in Australia who failed to meet their mutual obligations (e.g., missing job agency appointments) had their payments suspended by the government (Henriques-Gomes, 2019). One such program is the Disability Employment Service (DES), where providers are funded to help people with a disability, injury or health condition to find and maintain sustainable employment (Kelly, 2023). Job seekers were reported to be disconnected and dissatisfied with this employment service due to poor working hours, conditions and pay. The job seekers in the program expressed a decrease in aspects of their subjective well-being as a result. This decrease in subjective well-being manifested in a reduction in their sense of purpose, life satisfaction, a disconnection from their goals, demotivation, sadness and isolation (Kelly, 2023)
Community reduced well-being	A reduction in the aggregate collective well-being of actors in the community (Leo et al., 2019)	Multiple actors within the community avoid contributing to the creation of new resources or modifying existing resources to solve their challenges, and in the process, create an imbalanced CRCE	In Australia, youth crime is a growing public concern, with common charges for theft, breaking and entering, drug offenses and the use of stolen vehicles (Queensland government report, 2024b). In Queensland, the Youth Co-Responder Teams (YCRT) program was implemented to support young people at-risk or those who had contact with the criminal justice system to reduce the number of repeat offenders (Queensland Government, 2024a). These teams take proactive steps, such as de-escalating risky situations, ensuring young people reach safe places, reconnecting them with their families and support services, and offering diversionary options. Despite these interventions, nearly 90% of young people re-offended after working with these teams (Smail, 2024). This was due to the offenders, their families and key stakeholders disengaging from the educational and employment opportunities offered by the program. This is particularly pronounced among First Nations communities whose youths account for 69% of serious repeat offenders in the state (Queensland Government, 2024b). Communities are reported to be experiencing diminishing confidence and a growing criticism against the YCRT, the police and the government
Individual ill-being	When an individual actor integrates resources in a manner that is detrimental to the challenges faced, resulting in an imbalanced ARCE	Leaving meagre or no resources to address adverse challenges	When faced with a mental health challenge, the average wait time for a first therapy session at a government-funded youth mental health program is 25.5 days in some developed countries (Rimmer et al., 2020). As a result, many young people feel it is challenging to access services, particularly during and post-COVID-19, with some reportedly “giving up” on seeking help. This has contributed to increased rates of depression, anxiety, psychosis, and suicide among young people (Rimmer et al., 2020) due to their inability to access timely help. The rise in mental health disorders among 16- to 24-year-olds from 26% in 2007 to 39% in 2021 is significant within Australia (Mcllroy, 2024)

Concept	Definition	RCE lens	Example
Individual reduced well-being	A reduction in the level of an individual actor's positive affect and degree of life satisfaction (Deci and Ryan, 2008)	An individual actor has fewer resources available for integration to solve challenges faced, resulting in an imbalanced RCE for the individual actor. The individual actor is not thriving but may still function adequately in day-to-day life	JobActive employment programs were aimed at moving unemployed people off welfare and into work in Australia. However, about 78% of welfare recipients in Australia who failed to meet their mutual obligations (e.g., missing job agency appointments) had their payments suspended by the government (Henriques-Gomes, 2019). One such program is the Disability Employment Service (DES), where providers are funded to help people with a disability, injury or health condition to find and maintain sustainable employment (Kelly, 2023). Job seekers were reported to be disconnected and dissatisfied with this employment service due to poor working hours, conditions and pay. The job seekers in the program expressed a decrease in aspects of their subjective well-being as a result. This decrease in subjective well-being manifested in a reduction in their sense of purpose, life satisfaction, a disconnection from their goals, demotivation, sadness and isolation (Kelly, 2023)
Community reduced well-being	A reduction in the aggregate collective well-being of actors in the community (Leo et al., 2019)	Multiple actors within the community avoid contributing to the creation of new resources or modifying existing resources to solve their challenges, and in the process, create an imbalanced CRCE	In Australia, youth crime is a growing public concern, with common charges for theft, breaking and entering, drug offenses and the use of stolen vehicles (Queensland government report, 2024b). In Queensland, the Youth Co-Responder Teams (YCRT) program was implemented to support young people at-risk or those who had contact with the criminal justice system to reduce the number of repeat offenders (Queensland Government, 2024a). These teams take proactive steps, such as de-escalating risky situations, ensuring young people reach safe places, reconnecting them with their families and support services, and offering diversionary options. Despite these interventions, nearly 90% of young people re-offended after working with these teams (Smail, 2024). This was due to the offenders, their families and key stakeholders disengaging from the educational and employment opportunities offered by the program. This is particularly pronounced among First Nations communities whose youths account for 69% of serious repeat offenders in the state (Queensland Government, 2024b). Communities are reported to be experiencing diminishing confidence and a growing criticism against the YCRT, the police and the government
Individual ill-being	When an individual actor integrates resources in a manner that is detrimental to the challenges faced, resulting in an imbalanced ARCE	Leaving meagre or no resources to address adverse challenges	When faced with a mental health challenge, the average wait time for a first therapy session at a government-funded youth mental health program is 25.5 days in some developed countries (Rimmer et al., 2020). As a result, many young people feel it is challenging to access services, particularly during and post-COVID-19, with some reportedly “giving up” on seeking help. This has contributed to increased rates of depression, anxiety, psychosis, and suicide among young people (Rimmer et al., 2020) due to their inability to access timely help. The rise in mental health disorders among 16- to 24-year-olds from 26% in 2007 to 39% in 2021 is significant within Australia (Mcllroy, 2024)