Table 4 AI functions in real-time... | Emerald Publishing

Table 4

AI functions in real-time monitoring and assessment of building performance

AI functions (transcription codes)	Selected quotes
Detecting material defects	“Assessment can be conducted through cameras and some sensors that could measure some previous samples statistically to record the real measurements, and then you can evaluate those or evaluate their durance and quality assessment”. _{(Int #4)} “Using a camera to collect the data and using a computer vision model [which is trained by showing lots of images] to detect particular things such as defects, and objects in order to automated inspection.” _{(Int #7)}
Detecting components’ features	“Use of visualize AI in detecting things from imagery and 3D geospatial data. Automatically detecting where the edge is and then automatically saying ok therefore the holes need to be here.” _{(Int #10)}
Real-time monitoring of building performance and conditions	“Having Radio-frequency identification (RFID) chips or tags on particular building elements and being able to track and monitor those elements.” _{(Int #2)} “There are multiple models along through the lifecycle of the building.” _{(Int #2)}
Calculating embodied carbon	“Incorporating AI into carbon footprint reporting. The process of gathering company information for all of the different compliance and regulatory stuff for sustainability reporting.” _{(Int #9)} “Calculating embodied carbon of buildings throughout the early concept stages of design. There are a couple of pieces of software out there, such as Curve Tool, which uses a little bit of AI in the background to help make recommendations.” _{(Int #8)}
Estimating energy rating of buildings	“Use of AI that we have is to create estimates of energy ratings from minimal input data, and that’s the rapid rate tool that we’ve done in order to promote decarbonization of its mortgage portfolio.” _{(Int #1)}
Analyzing building energy efficiency	“Tools like Ladybug, which is a plugin for Grasshopper, that’s useful for doing building energy efficiency analysis.” _{(Int #2)} “With different constraints, I think that AI can do some optimization and provide some existing solution, and it can minimize the energy.” _{(Int #4)}
Predicting maintenance needs	“There’s a company called Willow. They have like a DT of the building modeled in the platform. […] that would enable to predict the maintenance requirements.” _{(Int #2)} “The location, position, age, and the maintenance schedule of the elements.” _{(Int #2)}
Recording real-time building and elemental performance	“You can record the real measurements and compare after construction, and before so that type of data will help you build the real data set for a statistical model to help you with the next step.” _{(Int #4)} “There is a possibility to use blockchain to create an immutable database of those elements that anyone has access to.” _{(Int #2)}
Predicting lifecycle assessments of buildings	“Use AI to predict the life cycle of a building.” _{(Int #10)} “In order to predict the future possibility of the end of life, there is a need to have a large enough data set and keep track of what goes into building now”. _{(Int #2)}
Analyzing environmental impacts	“In order to understand how buildings can affect the environment, with the knowledge of physics, use AI and feed it with the data from the past, try to build some trends, and understand what values affect what changes.” _{(Int #5)} “Use LLMs to analyze and extract information about environment changes related to the construction work and try to put it into some database.” _{(Int #5)}

AI functions (transcription codes)	Selected quotes
Detecting material defects	“Assessment can be conducted through cameras and some sensors that could measure some previous samples statistically to record the real measurements, and then you can evaluate those or evaluate their durance and quality assessment”. _{(Int #4)}“Using a camera to collect the data and using a computer vision model [which is trained by showing lots of images] to detect particular things such as defects, and objects in order to automated inspection.” _{(Int #7)}
Detecting components’ features	“Use of visualize AI in detecting things from imagery and 3D geospatial data. Automatically detecting where the edge is and then automatically saying ok therefore the holes need to be here.” _{(Int #10)}
Real-time monitoring of building performance and conditions	“Having Radio-frequency identification (RFID) chips or tags on particular building elements and being able to track and monitor those elements.” _{(Int #2)}“There are multiple models along through the lifecycle of the building.” _{(Int #2)}
Calculating embodied carbon	“Incorporating AI into carbon footprint reporting. The process of gathering company information for all of the different compliance and regulatory stuff for sustainability reporting.” _{(Int #9)}“Calculating embodied carbon of buildings throughout the early concept stages of design. There are a couple of pieces of software out there, such as Curve Tool, which uses a little bit of AI in the background to help make recommendations.” _{(Int #8)}
Estimating energy rating of buildings	“Use of AI that we have is to create estimates of energy ratings from minimal input data, and that’s the rapid rate tool that we’ve done in order to promote decarbonization of its mortgage portfolio.” _{(Int #1)}
Analyzing building energy efficiency	“Tools like Ladybug, which is a plugin for Grasshopper, that’s useful for doing building energy efficiency analysis.” _{(Int #2)}“With different constraints, I think that AI can do some optimization and provide some existing solution, and it can minimize the energy.” _{(Int #4)}
Predicting maintenance needs	“There’s a company called Willow. They have like a DT of the building modeled in the platform. […] that would enable to predict the maintenance requirements.” _{(Int #2)}“The location, position, age, and the maintenance schedule of the elements.” _{(Int #2)}
Recording real-time building and elemental performance	“You can record the real measurements and compare after construction, and before so that type of data will help you build the real data set for a statistical model to help you with the next step.” _{(Int #4)}“There is a possibility to use blockchain to create an immutable database of those elements that anyone has access to.” _{(Int #2)}
Predicting lifecycle assessments of buildings	“Use AI to predict the life cycle of a building.” _{(Int #10)}“In order to predict the future possibility of the end of life, there is a need to have a large enough data set and keep track of what goes into building now”. _{(Int #2)}
Analyzing environmental impacts	“In order to understand how buildings can affect the environment, with the knowledge of physics, use AI and feed it with the data from the past, try to build some trends, and understand what values affect what changes.” _{(Int #5)}“Use LLMs to analyze and extract information about environment changes related to the construction work and try to put it into some database.” _{(Int #5)}

Source(s): Authors’ own work