Table 5

Regression results of family firms on audit fees

VariablesModel 1Model 2Model 3
Whole period (2015–2022)Pre-COVID (2015–2018)Post-COVID (2019–2022)
FAMILYFIRM−0.0000 (−0.00)−0.0001 (−0.01)0.0261**(2.82)
FAMILYFIRM*COVID-190.0268*(2.19)  
COVID-190.1089***(13.88)  
BODMEET0.0235***(22.27)0.0242***(16.55)0.0230***(15.06)
BODSIZE0.0633***(14.71)0.0607***(10.17)0.0674***(10.85)
IDR0.0104***(9.85)0.0098***(6.59)0.0114***(7.56)
INVESTPROP0.0039***(26.92)0.0043***(21.11)0.0035***(17.01)
LEV0.8294***(44.34)0.8056***(30.18)0.8456***(32.25)
ROE0.3742***(6.30)0.5855***(6.83)0.1703*(2.07)
INVR−0.2122***(−11.90)−0.2030***(−8.25)−0.2176***(−8.39)
FIRMAGE0.0040***(6.00)0.0028**(2.88)0.0049***(5.38)
BIG40.4802***(38.86)0.5048***(27.48)0.4596***(27.63)
_cons12.0793***(167.50)12.1193***(120.36)12.1299***(118.00)
N18,8819,7119,170
adj. R20.32480.31810.3182
F757.8941453.9878428.9152

Note(s): FAMILYFIRM = family firm, COVID-19 = COVID-19 pandemic, BODMEET = board meetings, BODSIZE = directors on the board, IDR = independent directors on the board, INVESTPROP = institutional investor shareholder ratio, LEV = total liability/total assets, ROE = return on equity, INVR = inventory/total revenue, FIRMAGE = firm living years, and BIG4 = Big 4 audit firm; *p < 0.1, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01 (t statistics in parentheses)

Source(s): Authors’ own creation

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