Table 11

Robustness analysis for equation (3)

VariablesModel 7Model 8Model 9
Whole period (2015–2022)Pre-COVID (2015–2018)Post-COVID (2019–2022)
FAMILYMAG−0.1726*** (−3.82)−0.1793*** (−3.85)−0.1796*** (−4.10)
FAMILYMAG*COVID-19−0.0154 (−0.25)  
COVID-190.1257*** (8.17)  
BODMEET0.0188*** (10.23)0.0213*** (8.23)0.0162*** (6.24)
BODSIZE0.0512*** (5.71)0.0436*** (3.58)0.0627*** (4.71)
IDR0.0080*** (3.81)0.0075** (2.60)0.0094** (3.04)
INVESTPROP0.0034*** (15.51)0.0037*** (11.67)0.0031*** (10.30)
LEV0.8376*** (25.09)0.8053*** (16.56)0.8629*** (18.71)
ROE0.4435*** (4.31)0.8366*** (5.47)0.1535 (1.09)
INVR−0.1187*** (−3.57)−0.0801 (−1.71)−0.1576*** (−3.30)
FIRMAGE0.0023* (2.08)−0.0003 (−0.20)0.0045** (2.90)
BIG40.4828*** (16.17)0.4667*** (9.41)0.4944*** (13.23)
ADMEXP−0.2782*** (−4.50)−0.3324*** (−4.29)−0.1617 (−1.55)
ICE0.0765* (2.55)0.0953** (2.70)0.0266 (0.45)
AIQ−0.0923** (−2.72)−0.0455 (−0.84)−0.1221** (−2.79)
_cons12.4351*** (80.78)12.4554*** (59.51)12.4911*** (54.39)
N5,9602,9143,046
adj. R20.29110.27950.2789
F164.146687.921791.5926

Note(s): FAMILYMAG = family members on management positions, COVID-19 = COVID-19 pandemic, BODMEET = board meetings, BODSIZE = directors on the board, IDR = independent directors on the board, INVESTPROP = institutional investor shareholder ratio, LEV = total liability/total assets, ROE = return on equity, INVR = inventory/total revenue, FIRMAGE = firm living years, BIG4 = Big 4 audit firm, ADMEXP = administrative expenses/operating revenue, ICE = internal control weaknesses, and AIQ = audit opinion; *p < 0.1, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01 (t statistics in parentheses)

Source(s): Authors’ own creation

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