Table 12

Robustness analysis for equation (4)

VariablesModel 10Model 11Model 12
Whole period (2015–2022)Pre-COVID (2015–2018)Post-COVID (2019–2022)
FAMILYDIR−0.0666 (−1.07)−0.1083 (−1.68)−0.0368 (−0.61)
FAMILYDIR*COVID-19−0.0052 (−0.06)  
COVID-190.1244*** (5.44)  
BODMEET0.0193*** (10.45)0.0216*** (8.32)0.0168*** (6.44)
BODSIZE0.0504*** (5.57)0.0419*** (3.41)0.0630*** (4.68)
IDR0.0075*** (3.56)0.0071* (2.47)0.0089** (2.86)
INVESTPROP0.0036*** (16.41)0.0039*** (12.36)0.0033*** (10.90)
LEV0.8557*** (25.63)0.8209*** (16.89)0.8817*** (19.10)
ROE0.4367*** (4.23)0.8323*** (5.43)0.1467 (1.04)
INVR−0.1150*** (−3.45)−0.0686 (−1.46)−0.1621*** (−3.39)
FIRMAGE0.0023* (2.07)−0.0005 (−0.30)0.0046** (2.95)
BIG40.4837*** (16.15)0.4732*** (9.52)0.4927*** (13.15)
ADMEXP−0.2619*** (−4.21)−0.3233*** (−4.15)−0.1340 (−1.28)
ICE0.0804** (2.67)0.0989** (2.79)0.0296 (0.50)
AIQ−0.0971** (−2.85)−0.0502 (−0.93)−0.1274** (−2.91)
_cons12.4255*** (79.37)12.4612*** (58.72)12.4643*** (53.38)
N5,9602,9143,046
adj. R20.28760.27650.2750
F161.375986.643389.8412

Note(s): FAMILYDIR = family members on board of directors, COVID-19 = COVID-19 pandemic, BODMEET = board meetings, BODSIZE = directors on the board, IDR = independent directors on the board, INVESTPROP = institutional investor shareholder ratio, LEV = total liability/total assets, ROE = return on equity, INVR = inventory/total revenue, FIRMAGE = firm living years, BIG4 = Big 4 audit firm, ADMEXP = administrative expenses/operating revenue, ICE = internal control weaknesses, and AIQ = audit opinion; *p < 0.1, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01 (t statistics in parentheses)

Source(s): Authors’ own creation

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