Code book
| Subtheme | Code | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Helps with daily functioning | Presence on unit | TE helps patient to attend group moments on the unit (breakfast, coffee break, lunch, dinner) |
| Eating healthier | TE helps patient to develop healthy eating habits | |
| Sleep wake rhythm | TE helps patients to maintain clear day-night rhythm | |
| Physical activity | TE helps patient to increase physical activity level | |
| Social contact | TE helps patient to increase social contact (with staff, or other patients) | |
| Personal hygiene | TE helps patient with hygiene tasks like showering, brushing teeth, cleaning of clothes | |
| No cues needed for chores | Staff does not need to tell patients that they need to do daily choses (like cleaning up after a meal, cleaning their room, etc.) | |
| Attention to positives | Achievements are valued | TE gives the indication that positive behaviours and achievements are valued |
| compliments | TE results in compliments being given | |
| Not only about flaws | The focus is not solely on what is done wrong or what the flaws are | |
| Makes me feel good about myself | Patient indicates they feel good/better about themself because of TE | |
| More clarity of behavioural goals | Reminds me of goals | Because of TE, patient/staff are reminded of what the behavioural goals are |
| Goals made explicit | Goals are specifically described and made explicit to both patient and staff | |
| Frequent evaluation of goals | TE results in a frequent evaluation, and if necessary, update of the behavioural goals | |
| Goals topic of conversation | Because of TE, behavioural goals have become a topic of conversation | |
| More patient staff interaction | Invites for conversation on daily tasks | TE leads to conversation about daily tasks and general topics related to the patients well-being |
| Eases contact with patients | TE eases contact, results in less conflicts | |
| Forces interaction with patients | TE forces staff to make time for interactions with patients, priority on social interaction | |
| I talk more with staff | Patient indicates that they interact/talk more with staff members | |
| Social contact is one of my goals | Patient indicates that one of their goals is to increase social contact, and that this goal is easier to achieve because of TE | |
| Extra money | I have little spending money | Patient indicates that because they have little money to spent they appreciated the financial stimulation provided by TE |
| Liking extra money | Patient indicates that the like/appreciate the extra money they get from participation in TE | |
| Motivation: for the money | Motivation depends on financial need | If patient has sufficient financial means motivation is limited/the financial situation determines the effect of the TE |
| Sole motivation is money | Patient is solely motivated by the money | |
| General statement about motivation | Staff mentions what they believe motivates the patient to participate | |
| Questionable enduring effect | Uncertain about long term | Whether TE results in an enduring change in behaviour is still uncertain |
| Participation dependent of receiving tokens | When tokens are not given any longer, the goals are no longer achieved | |
| No learning occurs | It is not clear, or questioned, whether the patients learn what the benefit of the goal behaviour is during the TE | |
| Unsure on habit development | It is uncertain that habits are formed due to TE | |
| Old goals are forgotten | When a new goal is introduced, the old goals are forgotten, and these behavioural goals are no longer achieved | |
| Does not work for all | Only works for some | Only a selection of the patients benefit from TE |
| Not for more intelligent patients | It works better with patient with a lower IQ, patients with a higher IQ are often resistance to TE | |
| Not for patients with financial means | When patients have sufficient financial means, the financial reward provided by TE is insufficient and TE does not work | |
| Some patients resistant to TE | Some patients are resistant to participate in TE. Patients do not want to participate in TE because they do not believe it will help them | |
| Better for patient with negative symptoms | Works well for patients with more severe negative symptoms, not so much for other patients | |
| Considered childish | Some patients consider TE childish and therefore do not wish to participate | |
| Competition patient | Comparison between patients | TE leads to comparison between patients, which can be undesirable as it distracts from personal goals |
| Competition unwanted | TE results in competition among patients, which is unwanted | |
| Group process negative | The TE has a (negative) effect on the group dynamic | |
| Motivation decreases over time | Novelty wears off | Initially TE brings excitement, but over time, the novelty of it wears off and motivation decreases |
| Get bored with token goals | Patient indicates that after a while they become bored with their behavioural goals | |
| Motivation does not last | The motivation to participate decreases over time and the effects of TE diminish over time | |
| Focus shift to daily hassles | After a while the focus shifts from TE to the daily hassles and TE gets forgotten | |
| Goals need to change more frequently | Behavioural goals need to change more frequently to maintain the motivation to engage | |
| Not enough money | More money would increase motivation | Patients indicate they would feel more motivated if the monetary reward would have been higher |
| I cannot buy what need/want | Patient indicates that their motivation is limited because with the current reward, they are not able to buy the item they desire (e.g. cigarettes or razor) | |
| I want to save | Patient indicates that they would be more motivated if they could save the tokens and get paid out less frequently but a larger amount | |
| Other codes | No added pressure workload | Staff indicates that TE has not changed their workload significantly |
| Demographic info | Demographic information of either patient or staff member | |
| Interesting for other populations | TE is deemed interesting for other forensic populations or other departments within or outside the same institute | |
| Training staff necessary | Statements about the necessity of training in TE for the staff | |
| Initial resistance staff | Statements about the initial resistance to TE from the staff |
| Subtheme | Code | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Helps with daily functioning | Presence on unit | TE helps patient to attend group moments on the unit (breakfast, coffee break, lunch, dinner) |
| Eating healthier | TE helps patient to develop healthy eating habits | |
| Sleep wake rhythm | TE helps patients to maintain clear day-night rhythm | |
| Physical activity | TE helps patient to increase physical activity level | |
| Social contact | TE helps patient to increase social contact (with staff, or other patients) | |
| Personal hygiene | TE helps patient with hygiene tasks like showering, brushing teeth, cleaning of clothes | |
| No cues needed for chores | Staff does not need to tell patients that they need to do daily choses (like cleaning up after a meal, cleaning their room, etc.) | |
| Attention to positives | Achievements are valued | TE gives the indication that positive behaviours and achievements are valued |
| compliments | TE results in compliments being given | |
| Not only about flaws | The focus is not solely on what is done wrong or what the flaws are | |
| Makes me feel good about myself | Patient indicates they feel good/better about themself because of TE | |
| More clarity of behavioural goals | Reminds me of goals | Because of TE, patient/staff are reminded of what the behavioural goals are |
| Goals made explicit | Goals are specifically described and made explicit to both patient and staff | |
| Frequent evaluation of goals | TE results in a frequent evaluation, and if necessary, update of the behavioural goals | |
| Goals topic of conversation | Because of TE, behavioural goals have become a topic of conversation | |
| More patient staff interaction | Invites for conversation on daily tasks | TE leads to conversation about daily tasks and general topics related to the patients well-being |
| Eases contact with patients | TE eases contact, results in less conflicts | |
| Forces interaction with patients | TE forces staff to make time for interactions with patients, priority on social interaction | |
| I talk more with staff | Patient indicates that they interact/talk more with staff members | |
| Social contact is one of my goals | Patient indicates that one of their goals is to increase social contact, and that this goal is easier to achieve because of TE | |
| Extra money | I have little spending money | Patient indicates that because they have little money to spent they appreciated the financial stimulation provided by TE |
| Liking extra money | Patient indicates that the like/appreciate the extra money they get from participation in TE | |
| Motivation: for the money | Motivation depends on financial need | If patient has sufficient financial means motivation is limited/the financial situation determines the effect of the TE |
| Sole motivation is money | Patient is solely motivated by the money | |
| General statement about motivation | Staff mentions what they believe motivates the patient to participate | |
| Questionable enduring effect | Uncertain about long term | Whether TE results in an enduring change in behaviour is still uncertain |
| Participation dependent of receiving tokens | When tokens are not given any longer, the goals are no longer achieved | |
| No learning occurs | It is not clear, or questioned, whether the patients learn what the benefit of the goal behaviour is during the TE | |
| Unsure on habit development | It is uncertain that habits are formed due to TE | |
| Old goals are forgotten | When a new goal is introduced, the old goals are forgotten, and these behavioural goals are no longer achieved | |
| Does not work for all | Only works for some | Only a selection of the patients benefit from TE |
| Not for more intelligent patients | It works better with patient with a lower IQ, patients with a higher IQ are often resistance to TE | |
| Not for patients with financial means | When patients have sufficient financial means, the financial reward provided by TE is insufficient and TE does not work | |
| Some patients resistant to TE | Some patients are resistant to participate in TE. Patients do not want to participate in TE because they do not believe it will help them | |
| Better for patient with negative symptoms | Works well for patients with more severe negative symptoms, not so much for other patients | |
| Considered childish | Some patients consider TE childish and therefore do not wish to participate | |
| Competition patient | Comparison between patients | TE leads to comparison between patients, which can be undesirable as it distracts from personal goals |
| Competition unwanted | TE results in competition among patients, which is unwanted | |
| Group process negative | The TE has a (negative) effect on the group dynamic | |
| Motivation decreases over time | Novelty wears off | Initially TE brings excitement, but over time, the novelty of it wears off and motivation decreases |
| Get bored with token goals | Patient indicates that after a while they become bored with their behavioural goals | |
| Motivation does not last | The motivation to participate decreases over time and the effects of TE diminish over time | |
| Focus shift to daily hassles | After a while the focus shifts from TE to the daily hassles and TE gets forgotten | |
| Goals need to change more frequently | Behavioural goals need to change more frequently to maintain the motivation to engage | |
| Not enough money | More money would increase motivation | Patients indicate they would feel more motivated if the monetary reward would have been higher |
| I cannot buy what need/want | Patient indicates that their motivation is limited because with the current reward, they are not able to buy the item they desire (e.g. cigarettes or razor) | |
| I want to save | Patient indicates that they would be more motivated if they could save the tokens and get paid out less frequently but a larger amount | |
| Other codes | No added pressure workload | Staff indicates that TE has not changed their workload significantly |
| Demographic info | Demographic information of either patient or staff member | |
| Interesting for other populations | TE is deemed interesting for other forensic populations or other departments within or outside the same institute | |
| Training staff necessary | Statements about the necessity of training in TE for the staff | |
| Initial resistance staff | Statements about the initial resistance to TE from the staff |
Note(s):
*The codes and description displayed were translated from Dutch and re-organised by (later) identified themes
Sharing content requires targeting cookies to be enabled. Please update your cookie preferences to use this feature.