Table 1. Summary of previously assessed...

Table 1.

Summary of previously assessed ESG activities applied in this study

(E) Environmental activities	Sources
(E1) Energy saving Initiatives	Schulze et al. (2016)
(E2) Water saving Initiatives.	Christ and Burritt (2017)
(E3) Measuring carbon footprint	Toka et al. (2015)
(E4) Recycling of raw materials	Silva et al. (2017)
(E5) Recyclable packaging	Klaiman et al. (2016)
(E6) ECO friendly logistics	Govindan and Soleimani (2017); Leonidou et al. (2016)
(S) Social activities
(S1) Paying taxes	Baudet et al. (2020)
(S2) Fair wages	Larkin et al. (2012); Vaughan-Whitehead (2010)
(S3) Profit-sharing	Huddart and Liang (2005)
(S4) Charitable giving	Godfrey (2005)
(S5) Child labor	Kolk and van Tulder (2002)
(S6) Collaboration with Unions	Fjeldstad et al., 2012; Meiers (2014)
(S7) Supplier Codes of Conduct	Short et al. (2016)
(S8) Employee Health and Safety Policy	Nordlöf et al. (2017)
(S9) Diversity and equal opportunities	Lawrence and Turner (2016); Nielsen and Nielsen (2013)
(G) Governance activities
(G1) Board-level CSR/ESG programs	Ioannou and Serafeim (2015)
(G2) Executive compensation approved by AGM	Chng et al. (2012)
(G3) Independent board members	Desender et al. (2013); Kroll et al. (2008)
(G4) Female board members	Bear et al. (2010)
(G5) ESG/CSR policy	Cheng et al. (2014); Wang and Bansal (2012)
(G6) Cybersecurity management	Bone (2016); Tisdale (2015)
(G7) Anti-corruption policy	Yang (2009)

(E) Environmental activities	Sources
(E1) Energy saving Initiatives	Schulze et al. (2016)
(E2) Water saving Initiatives.	Christ and Burritt (2017)
(E3) Measuring carbon footprint	Toka et al. (2015)
(E4) Recycling of raw materials	Silva et al. (2017)
(E5) Recyclable packaging	Klaiman et al. (2016)
(E6) ECO friendly logistics	Govindan and Soleimani (2017); Leonidou et al. (2016)
(S) Social activities
(S1) Paying taxes	Baudet et al. (2020)
(S2) Fair wages	Larkin et al. (2012); Vaughan-Whitehead (2010)
(S3) Profit-sharing	Huddart and Liang (2005)
(S4) Charitable giving	Godfrey (2005)
(S5) Child labor	Kolk and van Tulder (2002)
(S6) Collaboration with Unions	Fjeldstad et al., 2012; Meiers (2014)
(S7) Supplier Codes of Conduct	Short et al. (2016)
(S8) Employee Health and Safety Policy	Nordlöf et al. (2017)
(S9) Diversity and equal opportunities	Lawrence and Turner (2016); Nielsen and Nielsen (2013)
(G) Governance activities
(G1) Board-level CSR/ESG programs	Ioannou and Serafeim (2015)
(G2) Executive compensation approved by AGM	Chng et al. (2012)
(G3) Independent board members	Desender et al. (2013); Kroll et al. (2008)
(G4) Female board members	Bear et al. (2010)
(G5) ESG/CSR policy	Cheng et al. (2014); Wang and Bansal (2012)
(G6) Cybersecurity management	Bone (2016); Tisdale (2015)
(G7) Anti-corruption policy	Yang (2009)

Note(s):

See Appendix for full description. These activities are empirically confirmed as relevant/important to institutional investors

Source(s): Table by authors