Table 1. The features of the cooling... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1.

The features of the cooling techniques used for photovoltaic cells in various nations

Method	Country	Ref.	Type of study	Model	Environment condition				Basic fluid/ heat transfer coefficient (W/mK)/ nanoparticles	Cogeneration	Use energy	Findings
Method	Country	Ref.	Type of study	Model	T_amb (°C)	T_mod (°C)	V_w	G_solar (kW/m²)		Cogeneration	Use energy	Δη (%)	In (%)	(°C)
Heat pipe		143	Experimental and simulation		33.1	55	–	0. 678	R404a, R600a, R290, R407C, R22, R134a, H2O, NH3/ -/ -	Yes	No	–	29.6	–
Airflow and heat sink		144	Experimental		32	50	–	0.8	Air/ k: 0.026/ -	No	Yes	2	28.5	–
Phase change material		145	Experimental		33.9	68.7	–	1	Paraffin wax (PCM) – water working fluid/ k (PCM): 0.20 – k: 0.6089/ -	Yes	No	–	–	23
Liquid immersion		146	Experimental		38.4	59.4	–	1.17	Water/ k: 0.6089/ -	No	No	0.72	17.8	24.6
Coating by spectral splitting filter or water film		147	Simulation		31	–	–	0. 855	/ k: 0.6089/ -	No	No	1.1–6.8	16	–
Combined methods		148	Experimental		32	45	1	1	Water/ k: 0.6089/ -	No	Yes	–	14.32	–

Method	Country	Ref.	Type of study	Model	Environment condition				Basic fluid/ heat transfer coefficient (W/mK)/ nanoparticles	Cogeneration	Use energy	Findings
Method	Country	Ref.	Type of study	Model	T_amb (°C)	T_mod (°C)	V_w	G_solar (kW/m²)		Cogeneration	Use energy	Δη (%)	In (%)	(°C)
Heat pipe		143	Experimental and simulation		33.1	55	–	0. 678	R404a, R600a, R290, R407C, R22, R134a, H2O, NH3/ -/ -	Yes	No	–	29.6	–
Airflow and heat sink		144	Experimental		32	50	–	0.8	Air/ k: 0.026/ -	No	Yes	2	28.5	–
Phase change material		145	Experimental		33.9	68.7	–	1	Paraffin wax (PCM) – water working fluid/ k (PCM): 0.20 – k: 0.6089/ -	Yes	No	–	–	23
Liquid immersion		146	Experimental		38.4	59.4	–	1.17	Water/ k: 0.6089/ -	No	No	0.72	17.8	24.6
Coating by spectral splitting filter or water film		147	Simulation		31	–	–	0. 855	/ k: 0.6089/ -	No	No	1.1–6.8	16	–
Combined methods		148	Experimental		32	45	1	1	Water/ k: 0.6089/ -	No	Yes	–	14.32	–