Table 5

System-GMM regression results

VariablesModel 1Model 2Model 3Model 4
FDCSR_ratioFDFD
Zscore (−1)0.565*** 0.551***0.550***
(0.032) (0.032)(0.032)
CSR_ratio (−1) 0.163***  
 (0.027)  
CSR_ratio0.026**  0.033*
(0.104)  (0.102)
CEO_comp 0.0293***0.089***0.094*
 (0.000)(0.000)(0.000)
Fsize0.708***0.316***1.762***1.744***
(0.199)(0.087)(0.262)(0.264)
Lev−0.966***−0.007−0.952***−0.949***
(0.179)(0.057)(0.176)(0.177)
Tang0.0708−0.294**−0.145−0.131
(0.385)(0.122)(0.380)(0.382)
Slack2.328***0.268*2.401***2.395***
(0.486)(0.158)(0.479)(0.480)
Sgth0.0040.0010.0030.003
(0.005)(0.002)(0.005)(0.005)
Constant6.524***2.555***13.240***13.110***
(1.388)(0.589)(1.754)(1.768)
Industry fixed effectYesYesYesYes
Year fixed effectYesYesYesYes
Wald statistics509.14(0.000)84.63(0.000)564.28(0.000)558.33(0.000)
AR(1)0.0000.0000.0000.000
AR(2)0.3140.3050.3240.363
Sargent test (p-value)0.6920.5820.6830.692
Hansen J-statistics (p-value)0.8910.9010.9210.916

Note(s): Standard errors in parentheses. ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1

Source(s): Author’s own work

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