Impact of voice-based and text-based educational robots on student engagement
| Engagement dimension | Item | Text-based robot | Voice-based robot |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cognitive engagement | Information processing | Facilitates immediate feedback and repeated content review | Enhances processing through conversational style and multisensory interactions |
| Immediate feedback | Provides structured communication for clear and timely responses | Delivers real-time interaction for direct guidance | |
| Independent studying | Allows students to revisit content at their own pace | Complements studying with supportive conversational interactions | |
| Concentration | Promotes focus through structured responses | Engages focus using multisensory features like voice and visuals | |
| Comprehension of topics | Reinforces understanding through repeated engagement | Encourages deep exploration and active comprehension | |
| Memorization | Enhances retention with structured, reviewable communication | Strengthens memory through multisensory experiences | |
| Time efficiency | Supports efficient study by providing easy access to reviewed content | Optimizes study time by guided communication | |
| Reinforcement in learning | Encourages repeated engagement for structured learning reinforcement | Reinforces learning through interactive engagement | |
| Emotional engagement | Anxiety reduction | Provides a non-judgmental, adaptable environment | Reduces stress through supportive and understanding interactions |
| Effective motivation | Reinforces learning with positive written reinforcements | Inspires motivation through rich interactions | |
| Empathy | Supports stress-free learning with consistent responses | Encourages emotional connection with empathetic communication | |
| Entertainment | Creates a positive learning environment through structured engagement mechanisms | Makes learning enjoyable | |
| Sense of companionship | Provides judgment-free support to foster confidence | Builds connection through compassionate conversational style | |
| Trusting relationships | Builds reliability through clear and consistent communication | Establishes trust through social presence and empathy | |
| Dedication to studying | Inspires commitment through accessible and structured guidance | Fosters dedication with emotional bonding | |
| Behavioral engagement | Achievement of objectives | Stores and reviews information to help meet learning goals | Fosters collaboration through group discussions |
| Stimulated attention | Engages attention with structured, focused communication | Captures attention using voice and visual elements | |
| Classroom participation | Promotes participation by reviewing and storing key information | Encourages group involvement through real-time interactivity | |
| Dynamic interactions | Provides structured responses for engagement | Facilitates dynamic engagement with voice-based features | |
| Individual support | Offers personalized feedback via stored messages | Delivers tailored guidance during interactions | |
| Paced learning | Allows for review of content on demand | Adjusts pace through conversational dynamics | |
| Self-directed learning | Enables self-directed learning through accessible content review | Promotes autonomy with guided interactions | |
| Task completion | Assists with structured guidance for task execution | Provides real-time feedback to enhance task achievement |
| Engagement dimension | Item | Text-based robot | Voice-based robot |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cognitive engagement | Information processing | Facilitates immediate feedback and repeated content review | Enhances processing through conversational style and multisensory interactions |
| Immediate feedback | Provides structured communication for clear and timely responses | Delivers real-time interaction for direct guidance | |
| Independent studying | Allows students to revisit content at their own pace | Complements studying with supportive conversational interactions | |
| Concentration | Promotes focus through structured responses | Engages focus using multisensory features like voice and visuals | |
| Comprehension of topics | Reinforces understanding through repeated engagement | Encourages deep exploration and active comprehension | |
| Memorization | Enhances retention with structured, reviewable communication | Strengthens memory through multisensory experiences | |
| Time efficiency | Supports efficient study by providing easy access to reviewed content | Optimizes study time by guided communication | |
| Reinforcement in learning | Encourages repeated engagement for structured learning reinforcement | Reinforces learning through interactive engagement | |
| Emotional engagement | Anxiety reduction | Provides a non-judgmental, adaptable environment | Reduces stress through supportive and understanding interactions |
| Effective motivation | Reinforces learning with positive written reinforcements | Inspires motivation through rich interactions | |
| Empathy | Supports stress-free learning with consistent responses | Encourages emotional connection with empathetic communication | |
| Entertainment | Creates a positive learning environment through structured engagement mechanisms | Makes learning enjoyable | |
| Sense of companionship | Provides judgment-free support to foster confidence | Builds connection through compassionate conversational style | |
| Trusting relationships | Builds reliability through clear and consistent communication | Establishes trust through social presence and empathy | |
| Dedication to studying | Inspires commitment through accessible and structured guidance | Fosters dedication with emotional bonding | |
| Behavioral engagement | Achievement of objectives | Stores and reviews information to help meet learning goals | Fosters collaboration through group discussions |
| Stimulated attention | Engages attention with structured, focused communication | Captures attention using voice and visual elements | |
| Classroom participation | Promotes participation by reviewing and storing key information | Encourages group involvement through real-time interactivity | |
| Dynamic interactions | Provides structured responses for engagement | Facilitates dynamic engagement with voice-based features | |
| Individual support | Offers personalized feedback via stored messages | Delivers tailored guidance during interactions | |
| Paced learning | Allows for review of content on demand | Adjusts pace through conversational dynamics | |
| Self-directed learning | Enables self-directed learning through accessible content review | Promotes autonomy with guided interactions | |
| Task completion | Assists with structured guidance for task execution | Provides real-time feedback to enhance task achievement |