Table 2

Factor loadings, composite reliability and average variance extracted of the constructs and their items

Components and manifest variablesLoading (t-value)
Parasocial attractionCR: 0.959, AVE: 0.886
I think Allison could be a friend of mine0.932 (113.66)***
I had a good time with Allison0.937 (148.66)***
I would like to spend more time with Allison0.955 (186.07)***
AnthropomorphismCR: 0.945, AVE: 0.812
Please rate your impression of Allison: Fake – Natural0.900 (99.95)***
Please rate your impression of Allison: Machinelike – Humanlike0.906 (89.19)***
Please rate your impression of Allison: Unconscious – Conscious0.869 (67.15)***
Please rate your impression of Allison: Artificial – Lifelike0.929 (120.49)***
TrustCR: 0.951, AVE: 0.620
Please rate your impression of Allison: Undependable – Dependable0.783 (32.00)***
Please rate your impression of Allison: Dishonest – Honest0.774 (39.43)***
Please rate your impression of Allison: Unreliable – Reliable0.824 (51.31)***
Please rate your impression of Allison: Unknowledgeable – Knowledgeable0.802 (42.22)***
Please rate your impression of Allison: Unqualified – Qualified0.829 (49.75)***
Please rate your impression of Allison: Unskilled – Skilled0.795 (38.21)***
Please rate your impression of Allison: Uninformed – Informed0.808 (44.01)***
Please rate your impression of Allison: Incompetent – Competent0.822 (51.40)***
Please rate your impression of Allison: Unfriendly – Friendly0.686 (31.91)***
Please rate your impression of Allison: Uncheerful – Cheerful0.767 (49.17)***
Please rate your impression of Allison: Unkind – Kind0.773 (47.10)***
Please rate your impression of Allison: Unpleasant – Pleasant0.774 (48.68)***
AI anxietyCR: 0.941, AVE: 0.842
I find AI techniques/products (e.g. voice-controlled intelligent personal assistants) scary0.951 (22.19)***
I find AI techniques/products (e.g. voice-controlled intelligent personal assistants) intimidating0.856 (16.10)***
I do not know why, but AI techniques/products (e.g. voice-controlled intelligent personal assistants) scare me0.944 (24.68)***
AI privacy concernsCR: 0.943, AVE: 0.804
I have my doubts about the confidentiality of my interactions with voice-controlled intelligent personal assistants0.884 (76.94)***
I am concerned to perform a financial transaction via voice-controlled intelligent personal assistants0.852 (51.13)***
I am concerned that my personal details stored with voice-controlled intelligent personal assistants could be stolen0.922 (86.76)***
I am concerned that voice-controlled intelligent personal assistants collect too much information about me0.927 (113.48)***
Tech savvinessCR: 0.938, AVE: 0.883
I am constantly being sought after by people for advice on new digital technology0.936 (88.00)***
I am typically one of the first to use new digital technology when it appears0.943 (92.10)***

Note(s): CR: composite reliability; AVE: average variance extracted; ***denotes p < 0.001

Source(s): Authors’ own work

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