Table 2.

Summary of outcomes

Study Affect (n = 14) 
Depression (n = 6)Psychological distress (n = 4)Negative affect (n = 5)Positive affect (n = 4)Anxiety (n = 8)Stress (n = 4)Loneliness (n = 4)Well-being (n = 2)Anger (n = 2)Knowledge/skill development (n = 6)
Carbone et al. (2021)   +x+  x  
Dincer and Inangil (2021)     ++    
Ganesan et al. (2022)     +     
Hawkins et al. (2020)  +       +
Krohner (2022) Time effect intervention: x Control: - Time by condition interaction: x   +   x+
Loveys et al. (2022)   Time effect: + Condition effect: xTime effect: + Time by condition interaction: x Time effect: + Condition effect: x Time by condition interaction: x   Awareness of tension skills: + Relaxation skills: x
Manfield et al. (2021)  +        
McLean et al. (2023)   Time effects: + Time by condition interaction: xTime effect: x Time by condition interaction: x      
MHCC (2019)  +     +  
Ranta et al. (2019) +         
Rubin et al. (2022) +   +++ but no difference to control at 1week follow-up   
Sung et al. (2023) x + +     
Tacca (2022)    Positivity: + Mood: x      
Tarquinio et al. (2021) + + +     
Van Orden and Wittink (2022)       −  +
Williams et al. (2021)  +    +  +
Wittenberg et al. (2018)      +   +
Ziadni et al. (2021) Time effect: + Condition effect: x Time by condition interaction: x   + + x 
Note(s):

+ = Improvement; − = Worsening; x = no difference/no change

Source(s): Created by authors
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