Table 1 Comparison between Industry 4.0... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

Comparison between Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0

Industry 4.0	Industry 5.0	Sources
I4.0 is less flexible to disruptions within the system and supply chain	I5.0 is more flexible to disruptions within the system and supply chain	Kaswan et al. (2025a, b), Kumar et al. (2025)
I4.0 is oriented to the mass customised aspects of the production	I5.0 is oriented toward hyper-personalised concepts of production	Kumar et al. (2024)
I4.0 is focused on the economically driven production model	I5.0 is focused on a sustainability-driven production model	Sharma et al. (2025)
I4.0 primarily focuses on a digital set of technologies with minimal human involvement	I5.0 keeps humans at the centre of all sets of digital technologies	Maddikunta et al. (2022)
I4.0 does not encompass the social sustainability aspects of sustainability, with less focus on environmental aspects	I5.0 includes all dimensions of sustainability	Akundi et al. (2022)
The I4.0-driven industry is more prone to accidents as compared to the I5.0-driven driven	The I5.0-driven industry is less prone to accidents, as for any mishap, human observation is always in the system	Fraga-Lamas et al. (2021)

Industry 4.0	Industry 5.0	Sources
I4.0 is less flexible to disruptions within the system and supply chain	I5.0 is more flexible to disruptions within the system and supply chain	Kaswan et al. (2025a, b), Kumar et al. (2025)
I4.0 is oriented to the mass customised aspects of the production	I5.0 is oriented toward hyper-personalised concepts of production	Kumar et al. (2024)
I4.0 is focused on the economically driven production model	I5.0 is focused on a sustainability-driven production model	Sharma et al. (2025)
I4.0 primarily focuses on a digital set of technologies with minimal human involvement	I5.0 keeps humans at the centre of all sets of digital technologies	Maddikunta et al. (2022)
I4.0 does not encompass the social sustainability aspects of sustainability, with less focus on environmental aspects	I5.0 includes all dimensions of sustainability	Akundi et al. (2022)
The I4.0-driven industry is more prone to accidents as compared to the I5.0-driven driven	The I5.0-driven industry is less prone to accidents, as for any mishap, human observation is always in the system	Fraga-Lamas et al. (2021)