Case overview
| Case study | Case study I | Case study II | Case study III | Case study IV |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Representing | Mark 0 | Mark I | Mark II | Mark III |
| Ranging from | 1776–1861 | 1865–1900 | ∼1880–1901 | >1901 |
| (Early industrialization) | (High industrialization) | (Morganization, trusts) | ||
| Economy | Stationary | Creatively destructive | Exclusive, competitive | Inclusive |
| Players | Family businesses, artesian entrepreneurs | Entrepreneurs, exemplified by A. Carnegie | Big business, exemplified by the takeover of the Carnegie Steel Corporation by J.P. Morgan | Reformers, trade unions, politicians |
| Market actors | Established firms | Established firms, small- and medium-sized organizations; entry of entrepreneurs and new firms | Established firms and multi-national companies organized in oligopoly or monopoly | Established firms, multi-national companies, entrepreneurs and new firms, collaborating with society and politics |
| Innovation | Exogenous (i.e. war, population growth, climate change, etc.) | Entrepreneurs and new firms invent and innovate as well as creatively destruct the old | Endogenous (i.e. innovation provided by internal research and development) | Coinnovation and coevolution with society and politics |
| Driving factors | Price(s), quantity | (Dynamic) entrepreneurs and new firms | Performance, reputation and adherence | Trust, cooperation and reputation |
| Case study | Case study I | Case study II | Case study III | Case study IV |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Representing | Mark 0 | Mark I | Mark II | Mark III |
| Ranging from | 1776–1861 | 1865–1900 | ∼1880–1901 | >1901 |
| (Early industrialization) | (High industrialization) | (Morganization, trusts) | ||
| Economy | Stationary | Creatively destructive | Exclusive, competitive | Inclusive |
| Players | Family businesses, artesian entrepreneurs | Entrepreneurs, exemplified by A. Carnegie | Big business, exemplified by the takeover of the Carnegie Steel Corporation by J.P. Morgan | Reformers, trade unions, politicians |
| Market actors | Established firms | Established firms, small- and medium-sized organizations; entry of entrepreneurs and new firms | Established firms and multi-national companies organized in oligopoly or monopoly | Established firms, multi-national companies, entrepreneurs and new firms, collaborating with society and politics |
| Innovation | Exogenous (i.e. war, population growth, climate change, etc.) | Entrepreneurs and new firms invent and innovate as well as creatively destruct the old | Endogenous (i.e. innovation provided by internal research and development) | Coinnovation and coevolution with society and politics |
| Driving factors | Price(s), quantity | (Dynamic) entrepreneurs and new firms | Performance, reputation and adherence | Trust, cooperation and reputation |
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