Table 1. Frequency ranking of renewable...

Table 1.

Frequency ranking of renewable energy barriers

Barrier category	Barrier	Frequency	Reference
Economic/Financial		55	Addae et al. (2019); Al Asbahi et al. (2020); Cai et al. (2022); Dai and Solangi (2023); Dioba et al. (2024); Ghimire and Kim (2018); Jafarzadeh Ghoushchi et al. (2023); Mostafaeipour et al. (2021); Pandey et al. (2025)
EFB1	High investment cost	52	Addae et al. (2019); Bouraima et al. (2024); James et al. (2025); Rocha et al. (2023); Sengar et al. (2020)
EFB2	Lack of funding	37	Abdul et al. (2023); Alizadeh et al. (2020); Ghimire and Kim (2018); Kutlu Gündoğdu (2022); Mostafaeipour et al. (2021); Pandey et al. (2025); Rebucas et al. (2024); Shah et al. (2019)
EFB3	Lack of subsidy	31	Addae et al. (2019); Ali Sadat et al. (2021); Al Asbahi et al. (2020); Das et al. (2023); Dokyi and Sharifi (2024); Irfan et al. (2022); Lalita et al. (2025)
EFB4	Lack of a financing mechanism and incentives	17	Akpahou et al. (2024); Barahmand and Eikeland (2022); Batool et al. (2023); Sengar et al. (2020); Shao et al. (2025); Tseng et al. (2021)
EFB5	Long payback period	14	Akusta et al. (2025); Bouraima et al. (2024); Chen et al. (2022); Jahangoshai Rezaee et al. (2019); Oryani et al. (2021); Shahzad et al. (2023)
Technical/Technological		56	Addae et al. (2019); Ali Sadat et al. (2021); Al Asbahi et al. (2020); Ghimire and Kim (2018); Mahmud and Roy (2021); Mohseni and Brent (2025); Numata et al. (2020); Rocha et al. (2023); Wu et al. (2022)
TB1	Lack of skilled labour	36	Akpahou et al. (2024); Al Asbahi et al. (2020); Jafarzadeh Ghoushchi et al. (2023); Kutlu Gündoğdu (2022); Pandey et al. (2025); Shah et al. (2019); Sun et al. (2021)
TB2	Inadequate technology	33	Addae et al. (2019); Akusta et al. (2025); Aparisi-Cerdá et al. (2024); Al Asbahi et al. (2020); Batool et al. (2023); Firoozi and Eghtesadifard (2022); Tseng et al. (2021); Vallecha et al. (2021)
TB3	Lack of R&D facilities	26	Cai et al. (2022); Chisale and Lee (2023); Dokyi and Sharifi (2024); Jafarzadeh Ghoushchi et al. (2023); Mehmood et al. (2022); Pandey et al. (2025); Shah et al. (2019); Sun et al. (2021)
TB4	Challenges of grid connection	19	Abdel-Basset et al. (2023); Alyamani et al. (2024); Dhingra et al. (2022); Ghimire and Kim (2018); Numata et al. (2020); Shao et al. (2025); Solangi et al. (2021); Wu et al. (2022)
T5B	Intermittent/Unreliable supply of RE	18	Abdel-Basset et al. (2023); Alyamani et al. (2024); Asante et al. (2020, 2022); Bouraima et al. (2024); Chisale and Lee (2023); Das et al. (2023); Mostafaeipour et al. (2021); Solangi et al. (2025); Tseng et al. (2021)
TB6	Lack of infrastructure	17	Abdul and Wenqi (2024); Addae et al. (2019); Akusta et al. (2025); Baumli and Jamasb (2020); Mehmood et al. (2022); Oryani et al. (2021); Shah and Longsheng (2022); Shahzad et al. (2023)
TB7	Lack of servicing and maintenance facilities	17	Abdul and Wenqi (2024); Akpahou et al. (2024); Akusta et al. (2025); Alyamani et al. (2024); Asante et al. (2020, 2022); Bouraima et al. (2024); Dhingra et al. (2022); Govindan (2023); James et al. (2025); Mekonnen et al. (2022); Mustafa et al. (2024); Numata et al. (2020); Pandey et al. (2025); Shah et al. (2019); Sun et al. (2021); Tseng et al. (2021)
TB8	Lack of standards and codes	10	Abdul and Wenqi (2024); Ali Sadat et al. (2021); Bouraima et al. (2024); Chen et al. (2022); Dhingra et al. (2022); Mostafaeipour et al. (2021); Numata et al. (2020); Sengar et al. (2020); Shah and Longsheng (2022); Thakur et al. (2023)
T9B	Shortage of training institutes	7	Dokyi and Sharifi (2024); Ferdoush et al. (2024); Mekonnen et al. (2022); Pathak et al. (2022); Rebucas et al. (2024); Rocha et al. (2023); Shah and Longsheng (2022)
Sociocultural		46	Akpahou et al. (2024); Aparisi-Cerdá et al. (2024); Batool et al. (2023); Dioba et al. (2024); Pandey et al. (2025); Pathak et al. (2022); Rocha et al. (2023); Thakur et al. (2023); Vallecha et al. (2021)
SB1	Limited public awareness	42	Addae et al. (2019); Ali Sadat et al. (2021); Barahmand and Eikeland (2022); Dhingra et al. (2022); Gangadhari et al. (2023); Mahmud and Roy (2021); Pandey et al. (2025); Shah et al. (2019); Shao et al. (2025)
SB2	Lack of public acceptance	39	Abdel-Basset et al. (2023); Akpahou et al. (2024); Asante et al. (2022); Dokyi and Sharifi (2024); Jafarzadeh Ghoushchi et al. (2023); Kamdar and Liu (2025); Mekonnen et al. (2022); Mohseni and Brent (2025); Oryani et al. (2021); Rekik and El Alimi (2024)
SB3	Lack of customer paying capacity	11	Abdul and Wenqi (2024); Akpahou et al. (2024); Asante et al. (2020, 2022); Barahmand and Eikeland (2022); Ghimire and Kim (2018); Irfan et al. (2022); Pandey et al. (2025); Shah et al. (2019); Shahzad et al. (2023); Solangi et al. (2021)
SB4	Lack of public interest	6	Addae et al. (2019); Kutlu Gündoğdu (2022); Pandey et al. (2025); Rebucas et al. (2024); Rekik and El Alimi (2024); Solangi et al. (2021)
Policy and regulatory		36	Asante et al. (2022); Das et al. (2023); Dioba et al. (2024); Kamdar and Liu (2025); Mekonnen et al. (2022); Numata et al. (2020); Rebucas et al. (2024); Rocha et al. (2023); Shah et al. (2019)
PRB1	Lack of coherent renewable energy policy	35	Al Asbahi et al. (2020); Baumli and Jamasb (2020); Govindan (2023); Jafarzadeh Ghoushchi et al. (2023); Kamdar and Liu (2025); Mekonnen et al. (2022); Rebucas et al. (2024); Rekik and El Alimi (2024); Rocha et al. (2023); Shah et al. (2019)
PRB2	Lack of regulatory framework	22	Alyamani et al. (2024); Asante et al. (2022); Bouraima et al. (2024); Cai et al. (2022); Dhingra et al. (2022); Kutlu Gündoğdu (2022); Numata et al. (2020); Rebucas et al. (2024); Shahzad et al. (2023); Shao et al. (2025); Thakur et al. (2023)
PRB3	Ineffective bureaucratic permit procedures	18	Abdel-Basset et al. (2023); Ali Sadat et al. (2021); Asante et al. (2022); Chen et al. (2022); Dhingra et al. (2022); Mahmud and Roy (2021); Shah et al. (2019); Solangi et al. (2025)
PRB4	Lack of transparency in decision-making processes	10	Abdul and Wenqi (2024); Akusta et al. (2025); Asante et al. (2020, 2022); Das et al. (2023); Ghimire and Kim (2018); Kutlu Gündoğdu (2022); Pathak et al. (2022); Rocha et al. (2023); Solangi et al. (2021)
Institutional		25	Abdel-Basset et al. (2023); Asante et al. (2022); Batool et al. (2023); Ramesh et al. (2022); Rekik and El Alimi (2024); Shah et al. (2019); Sun et al. (2021); Tseng et al. (2021)
IB1	Lack of coordination between key institutions	25	Akusta et al. (2025); Asante et al. (2020, 2022); Dhingra et al. (2022); Pathak et al. (2022); Ramesh et al. (2022); Rekik and El Alimi (2024); Solangi et al. (2021); Sun et al. (2021); Tseng et al. (2021)
IB2	Lack of institutional capacity	14	Asante et al. (2020, 2022); Ghimire and Kim (2018); James et al. (2025); Numata et al. (2020); Rocha et al. (2023); Shah et al. (2019); Shah and Longsheng (2022); Tseng et al. (2021)
IB3	Lack of skilled human resources	11	Abdul and Wenqi (2024); Asante et al. (2020, 2022); Dhingra et al. (2022); Ghimire and Kim (2018); Sengar et al. (2020); Solangi et al. (2021); Tseng et al. (2021)
IB4	Lack of infrastructure	6	Addae et al. (2019); Dhingra et al. (2022); James et al. (2025); Kutlu Gündoğdu (2022); Shah and Longsheng (2022)
Political		26	Asante et al. (2020); Barahmand and Eikeland (2022); Dhingra et al. (2022); James et al. (2025); Mehmood et al. (2022); Oryani et al. (2021); Shah et al. (2019); Vallecha et al. (2021)
PB1	Political instability	21	Abdul et al. (2023); Abdul and Wenqi (2024); Pathak et al. (2022); Rekik and El Alimi (2024); Shah et al. (2019); Shahzad et al. (2023); Vallecha et al. (2021)
PB2	Corruption and nepotism	15	Abdul and Wenqi (2024); Addae et al. (2019); Asante et al. (2020, 2022); Ghimire and Kim (2018); Pathak et al. (2022); Rocha et al. (2023); Shah et al. (2019); Shah and Longsheng (2022); Solangi et al. (2021)
PB3	Lack of political commitment and consensus	11	Abdul and Wenqi (2024); Akusta et al. (2025); Ali Sadat et al. (2021); Asante et al. (2020, 2022); Chisale and Lee (2023); Dhingra et al. (2022); Shah and Longsheng (2022)
Market		18	Kutlu Gündoğdu (2022); Pathak et al. (2022); Rocha et al. (2023); Shah et al. (2019); Shao et al. (2025); Solangi et al. (2021); Vallecha et al. (2021)
MB1	Small market	15	Abdul and Wenqi (2024); Addae et al. (2019); Alyamani et al. (2024); Barahmand and Eikeland (2022); Numata et al. (2020); Rocha et al. (2023); Solangi et al. (2021)
MB2	Market uncertainties	9	Addae et al. (2019); Barahmand and Eikeland (2022); Kutlu Gündoğdu (2022); Mahmud and Roy (2021); Shao et al. (2025); Vallecha et al. (2021)
MB3	Lack of market competition	8	Alyamani et al. (2024); Dai and Solangi (2023); Pathak et al. (2022); Shao et al. (2025); Sun et al. (2021)
MB4	Underdeveloped supply chain and logistics	5	Addae et al. (2019); Alyamani et al. (2024); Kutlu Gündoğdu (2022); Sengar et al. (2020); Shao et al. (2025)
Environmental		12	Alyamani et al. (2024); Batool et al. (2023); Baumli and Jamasb (2020); Firoozi and Eghtesadifard (2022); Mehmood et al. (2022); Pathak et al. (2022); Rocha et al. (2023); Thakur et al. (2023); Tseng et al. (2021); Vallecha et al. (2021)
EB1	Land requirements	12	Alyamani et al. (2024); Mahmud and Roy (2021); Mekonnen et al. (2022); Pathak et al. (2022); Rocha et al. (2023); Solangi et al. (2025)
EB2	Need for waste disposal	7	Ferdoush et al. (2024); Mehmood et al. (2022); Pathak et al. (2022); Rocha et al. (2023); Solangi et al. (2025)
EB3	Ecological issues	6	Abdul and Wenqi (2024); Barahmand and Eikeland (2022); Mehmood et al. (2022); Solangi et al. (2021); Vallecha et al. (2021)
Geographical		13	Akpahou et al. (2024); Asante et al. (2020); Dhingra et al. (2022); Ghimire and Kim (2018); Pathak et al. (2022); Solangi et al. (2021)
GB1	Transport problems	9	Barahmand and Eikeland (2022); Chisale and Lee (2023); Das et al. (2023); Ghimire and Kim (2018); Solangi et al. (2021); Tseng et al. (2021)
GB2	Scattered houses	9	Abdul and Wenqi (2024); Barahmand and Eikeland (2022); Chisale and Lee (2023); Das et al. (2023); Ghimire and Kim (2018); Kamdar and Liu (2025); Solangi et al. (2021)
GB3	Geographical location	7	Asante et al. (2022); Barahmand and Eikeland (2022); Chisale and Lee (2023); Govindan (2023); Pathak et al. (2022); Rocha et al. (2023); Vallecha et al. (2021)

Barrier category	Barrier	Frequency	Reference
Economic/Financial		55	Addae et al. (2019); Al Asbahi et al. (2020); Cai et al. (2022); Dai and Solangi (2023); Dioba et al. (2024); Ghimire and Kim (2018); Jafarzadeh Ghoushchi et al. (2023); Mostafaeipour et al. (2021); Pandey et al. (2025)
EFB1	High investment cost	52	Addae et al. (2019); Bouraima et al. (2024); James et al. (2025); Rocha et al. (2023); Sengar et al. (2020)
EFB2	Lack of funding	37	Abdul et al. (2023); Alizadeh et al. (2020); Ghimire and Kim (2018); Kutlu Gündoğdu (2022); Mostafaeipour et al. (2021); Pandey et al. (2025); Rebucas et al. (2024); Shah et al. (2019)
EFB3	Lack of subsidy	31	Addae et al. (2019); Ali Sadat et al. (2021); Al Asbahi et al. (2020); Das et al. (2023); Dokyi and Sharifi (2024); Irfan et al. (2022); Lalita et al. (2025)
EFB4	Lack of a financing mechanism and incentives	17	Akpahou et al. (2024); Barahmand and Eikeland (2022); Batool et al. (2023); Sengar et al. (2020); Shao et al. (2025); Tseng et al. (2021)
EFB5	Long payback period	14	Akusta et al. (2025); Bouraima et al. (2024); Chen et al. (2022); Jahangoshai Rezaee et al. (2019); Oryani et al. (2021); Shahzad et al. (2023)
Technical/Technological		56	Addae et al. (2019); Ali Sadat et al. (2021); Al Asbahi et al. (2020); Ghimire and Kim (2018); Mahmud and Roy (2021); Mohseni and Brent (2025); Numata et al. (2020); Rocha et al. (2023); Wu et al. (2022)
TB1	Lack of skilled labour	36	Akpahou et al. (2024); Al Asbahi et al. (2020); Jafarzadeh Ghoushchi et al. (2023); Kutlu Gündoğdu (2022); Pandey et al. (2025); Shah et al. (2019); Sun et al. (2021)
TB2	Inadequate technology	33	Addae et al. (2019); Akusta et al. (2025); Aparisi-Cerdá et al. (2024); Al Asbahi et al. (2020); Batool et al. (2023); Firoozi and Eghtesadifard (2022); Tseng et al. (2021); Vallecha et al. (2021)
TB3	Lack of R&D facilities	26	Cai et al. (2022); Chisale and Lee (2023); Dokyi and Sharifi (2024); Jafarzadeh Ghoushchi et al. (2023); Mehmood et al. (2022); Pandey et al. (2025); Shah et al. (2019); Sun et al. (2021)
TB4	Challenges of grid connection	19	Abdel-Basset et al. (2023); Alyamani et al. (2024); Dhingra et al. (2022); Ghimire and Kim (2018); Numata et al. (2020); Shao et al. (2025); Solangi et al. (2021); Wu et al. (2022)
T5B	Intermittent/Unreliable supply of RE	18	Abdel-Basset et al. (2023); Alyamani et al. (2024); Asante et al. (2020, 2022); Bouraima et al. (2024); Chisale and Lee (2023); Das et al. (2023); Mostafaeipour et al. (2021); Solangi et al. (2025); Tseng et al. (2021)
TB6	Lack of infrastructure	17	Abdul and Wenqi (2024); Addae et al. (2019); Akusta et al. (2025); Baumli and Jamasb (2020); Mehmood et al. (2022); Oryani et al. (2021); Shah and Longsheng (2022); Shahzad et al. (2023)
TB7	Lack of servicing and maintenance facilities	17	Abdul and Wenqi (2024); Akpahou et al. (2024); Akusta et al. (2025); Alyamani et al. (2024); Asante et al. (2020, 2022); Bouraima et al. (2024); Dhingra et al. (2022); Govindan (2023); James et al. (2025); Mekonnen et al. (2022); Mustafa et al. (2024); Numata et al. (2020); Pandey et al. (2025); Shah et al. (2019); Sun et al. (2021); Tseng et al. (2021)
TB8	Lack of standards and codes	10	Abdul and Wenqi (2024); Ali Sadat et al. (2021); Bouraima et al. (2024); Chen et al. (2022); Dhingra et al. (2022); Mostafaeipour et al. (2021); Numata et al. (2020); Sengar et al. (2020); Shah and Longsheng (2022); Thakur et al. (2023)
T9B	Shortage of training institutes	7	Dokyi and Sharifi (2024); Ferdoush et al. (2024); Mekonnen et al. (2022); Pathak et al. (2022); Rebucas et al. (2024); Rocha et al. (2023); Shah and Longsheng (2022)
Sociocultural		46	Akpahou et al. (2024); Aparisi-Cerdá et al. (2024); Batool et al. (2023); Dioba et al. (2024); Pandey et al. (2025); Pathak et al. (2022); Rocha et al. (2023); Thakur et al. (2023); Vallecha et al. (2021)
SB1	Limited public awareness	42	Addae et al. (2019); Ali Sadat et al. (2021); Barahmand and Eikeland (2022); Dhingra et al. (2022); Gangadhari et al. (2023); Mahmud and Roy (2021); Pandey et al. (2025); Shah et al. (2019); Shao et al. (2025)
SB2	Lack of public acceptance	39	Abdel-Basset et al. (2023); Akpahou et al. (2024); Asante et al. (2022); Dokyi and Sharifi (2024); Jafarzadeh Ghoushchi et al. (2023); Kamdar and Liu (2025); Mekonnen et al. (2022); Mohseni and Brent (2025); Oryani et al. (2021); Rekik and El Alimi (2024)
SB3	Lack of customer paying capacity	11	Abdul and Wenqi (2024); Akpahou et al. (2024); Asante et al. (2020, 2022); Barahmand and Eikeland (2022); Ghimire and Kim (2018); Irfan et al. (2022); Pandey et al. (2025); Shah et al. (2019); Shahzad et al. (2023); Solangi et al. (2021)
SB4	Lack of public interest	6	Addae et al. (2019); Kutlu Gündoğdu (2022); Pandey et al. (2025); Rebucas et al. (2024); Rekik and El Alimi (2024); Solangi et al. (2021)
Policy and regulatory		36	Asante et al. (2022); Das et al. (2023); Dioba et al. (2024); Kamdar and Liu (2025); Mekonnen et al. (2022); Numata et al. (2020); Rebucas et al. (2024); Rocha et al. (2023); Shah et al. (2019)
PRB1	Lack of coherent renewable energy policy	35	Al Asbahi et al. (2020); Baumli and Jamasb (2020); Govindan (2023); Jafarzadeh Ghoushchi et al. (2023); Kamdar and Liu (2025); Mekonnen et al. (2022); Rebucas et al. (2024); Rekik and El Alimi (2024); Rocha et al. (2023); Shah et al. (2019)
PRB2	Lack of regulatory framework	22	Alyamani et al. (2024); Asante et al. (2022); Bouraima et al. (2024); Cai et al. (2022); Dhingra et al. (2022); Kutlu Gündoğdu (2022); Numata et al. (2020); Rebucas et al. (2024); Shahzad et al. (2023); Shao et al. (2025); Thakur et al. (2023)
PRB3	Ineffective bureaucratic permit procedures	18	Abdel-Basset et al. (2023); Ali Sadat et al. (2021); Asante et al. (2022); Chen et al. (2022); Dhingra et al. (2022); Mahmud and Roy (2021); Shah et al. (2019); Solangi et al. (2025)
PRB4	Lack of transparency in decision-making processes	10	Abdul and Wenqi (2024); Akusta et al. (2025); Asante et al. (2020, 2022); Das et al. (2023); Ghimire and Kim (2018); Kutlu Gündoğdu (2022); Pathak et al. (2022); Rocha et al. (2023); Solangi et al. (2021)
Institutional		25	Abdel-Basset et al. (2023); Asante et al. (2022); Batool et al. (2023); Ramesh et al. (2022); Rekik and El Alimi (2024); Shah et al. (2019); Sun et al. (2021); Tseng et al. (2021)
IB1	Lack of coordination between key institutions	25	Akusta et al. (2025); Asante et al. (2020, 2022); Dhingra et al. (2022); Pathak et al. (2022); Ramesh et al. (2022); Rekik and El Alimi (2024); Solangi et al. (2021); Sun et al. (2021); Tseng et al. (2021)
IB2	Lack of institutional capacity	14	Asante et al. (2020, 2022); Ghimire and Kim (2018); James et al. (2025); Numata et al. (2020); Rocha et al. (2023); Shah et al. (2019); Shah and Longsheng (2022); Tseng et al. (2021)
IB3	Lack of skilled human resources	11	Abdul and Wenqi (2024); Asante et al. (2020, 2022); Dhingra et al. (2022); Ghimire and Kim (2018); Sengar et al. (2020); Solangi et al. (2021); Tseng et al. (2021)
IB4	Lack of infrastructure	6	Addae et al. (2019); Dhingra et al. (2022); James et al. (2025); Kutlu Gündoğdu (2022); Shah and Longsheng (2022)
Political		26	Asante et al. (2020); Barahmand and Eikeland (2022); Dhingra et al. (2022); James et al. (2025); Mehmood et al. (2022); Oryani et al. (2021); Shah et al. (2019); Vallecha et al. (2021)
PB1	Political instability	21	Abdul et al. (2023); Abdul and Wenqi (2024); Pathak et al. (2022); Rekik and El Alimi (2024); Shah et al. (2019); Shahzad et al. (2023); Vallecha et al. (2021)
PB2	Corruption and nepotism	15	Abdul and Wenqi (2024); Addae et al. (2019); Asante et al. (2020, 2022); Ghimire and Kim (2018); Pathak et al. (2022); Rocha et al. (2023); Shah et al. (2019); Shah and Longsheng (2022); Solangi et al. (2021)
PB3	Lack of political commitment and consensus	11	Abdul and Wenqi (2024); Akusta et al. (2025); Ali Sadat et al. (2021); Asante et al. (2020, 2022); Chisale and Lee (2023); Dhingra et al. (2022); Shah and Longsheng (2022)
Market		18	Kutlu Gündoğdu (2022); Pathak et al. (2022); Rocha et al. (2023); Shah et al. (2019); Shao et al. (2025); Solangi et al. (2021); Vallecha et al. (2021)
MB1	Small market	15	Abdul and Wenqi (2024); Addae et al. (2019); Alyamani et al. (2024); Barahmand and Eikeland (2022); Numata et al. (2020); Rocha et al. (2023); Solangi et al. (2021)
MB2	Market uncertainties	9	Addae et al. (2019); Barahmand and Eikeland (2022); Kutlu Gündoğdu (2022); Mahmud and Roy (2021); Shao et al. (2025); Vallecha et al. (2021)
MB3	Lack of market competition	8	Alyamani et al. (2024); Dai and Solangi (2023); Pathak et al. (2022); Shao et al. (2025); Sun et al. (2021)
MB4	Underdeveloped supply chain and logistics	5	Addae et al. (2019); Alyamani et al. (2024); Kutlu Gündoğdu (2022); Sengar et al. (2020); Shao et al. (2025)
Environmental		12	Alyamani et al. (2024); Batool et al. (2023); Baumli and Jamasb (2020); Firoozi and Eghtesadifard (2022); Mehmood et al. (2022); Pathak et al. (2022); Rocha et al. (2023); Thakur et al. (2023); Tseng et al. (2021); Vallecha et al. (2021)
EB1	Land requirements	12	Alyamani et al. (2024); Mahmud and Roy (2021); Mekonnen et al. (2022); Pathak et al. (2022); Rocha et al. (2023); Solangi et al. (2025)
EB2	Need for waste disposal	7	Ferdoush et al. (2024); Mehmood et al. (2022); Pathak et al. (2022); Rocha et al. (2023); Solangi et al. (2025)
EB3	Ecological issues	6	Abdul and Wenqi (2024); Barahmand and Eikeland (2022); Mehmood et al. (2022); Solangi et al. (2021); Vallecha et al. (2021)
Geographical		13	Akpahou et al. (2024); Asante et al. (2020); Dhingra et al. (2022); Ghimire and Kim (2018); Pathak et al. (2022); Solangi et al. (2021)
GB1	Transport problems	9	Barahmand and Eikeland (2022); Chisale and Lee (2023); Das et al. (2023); Ghimire and Kim (2018); Solangi et al. (2021); Tseng et al. (2021)
GB2	Scattered houses	9	Abdul and Wenqi (2024); Barahmand and Eikeland (2022); Chisale and Lee (2023); Das et al. (2023); Ghimire and Kim (2018); Kamdar and Liu (2025); Solangi et al. (2021)
GB3	Geographical location	7	Asante et al. (2022); Barahmand and Eikeland (2022); Chisale and Lee (2023); Govindan (2023); Pathak et al. (2022); Rocha et al. (2023); Vallecha et al. (2021)

Source(s): Authors’ own work

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