Table 1

Classification of product groups according to changes in the IWD index

SectorsEUPolandChinaUSA
Food and animals[6][4][1][3]
Beverages and tobacco[6][6][3][6]
Non-edible raw materials except fuels[5][6][2][3]
Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials[3][3][3][6]
Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes[1][5][3][3]
Chemicals and related products[3][1][2][1]
Manufactured goods classified primarily by raw material[3][3][3][3]
Machinery, equipment and transport equipment[1][1][6][1]
Miscellaneous manufactured goods[3][2][1][1]
Unclassified goods and transactions[3][4][5][2]

Note(s): Explanations of trends: [1] accelerating globalization; [2] slowing globalization; [3] retreat from globalization; [4] retreat from deglobalization; [5] slowing deglobalization; [6] accelerating deglobalization; sourced from Podsiad et al. (2023, p. 22); The IWD (import weighted distance) indicator is the average import distance of a given country weighted by the structure of that country's imports. This indicator shows the average distance from which a country imports goods. Similarly, the EWD (export weighted distance) indicator serves to determine the average distance over which a country sends exported goods

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