Note(s): *** indicate the rejection of the null hypothesis at the 1% significance level. The trend specification included an intercept and a trend, with the break anticipated to occur in both the intercept and the trend. The number of lags is determined by the Schwarz information criteria, with a maximum lag of 18. Breakpoint selection was determined based on the Dickey-Fuller minimum t-test. The critical values for the test at the 1%, 5%, and 10% significance levels are −4.949133, −4.443649, and −4.193627, respectively