Table 1

Bivariate analysis by crime scene locations: comparing known offenders and strangers to the victim (n = 440)

All cases (n =440)Outdoor crime scene (n =151)Indoor crime scene (n =289)
VariableKnown (n =237)Stranger (n =203)Total (n)PhiKnown (n =83)Stranger (n =68)Total (n)PhiKnown (n =154)Stranger (n =135)Total (n)Phi
Victim characteristics
Victim is female83.5% (198)87.7% (178)85.5% (376)0.0685.5% (71)89.7% (61)87.4% (132)0.0682.5% (127)86.7% (117)84.4% (244)0.06
Victim lived alone16.5% (39)22.7% (46)19.3% (85)0.0814.5% (12)22.1% (15)17.9% (27)0.117.5% (27)23% (31)20.1% (58)0.07
Victim has vulnerable background41.8% (99)27.6% (56)35.2% (155)0.15**41% (34)29.4% (20)35.8% (54)0.1242.2% (65)26.7% (36)34.9% (101)0.16**
Crime behaviors
Victim targeted39.2% (93)20.2% (41)30.5% (134)0.21***43.4% (36)16.2% (11)31.1% (47)0.29***37% (57)22.2% (30)30.1% (87)0.16**
Approach victim using a con54% (128)49.8% (101)52% (229)0.0463.9% (53)55.9% (38)60.3% (91)0.0848.7% (75)46.7% (63)47.8% (138)0.02
Offender brought a weapon26.6% (63)46.3% (94)35.7% (157)0.21***28.9% (24)51.5% (35)39.1% (59)0.23**25.3% (39)43.7% (59)33.9% (98)0.19**
Contact/personal weapon46.8% (111)53.2% (108)49.8% (219)0.0647% (39)47.1% (32)47% (71)046.8% (72)56.3% (76)51.2% (148)0.1
Edged weapon30% (71)40.4% (82)34.8% (153)0.11*22.9% (19)42.6% (29)31.8% (48)0.21**33.8% (52)39.3% (53)36.3% (105)0.06
Physical restraint was used19.4% (46)15.8% (32)17.7% (78)0.0525.3% (21)4.4% (3)15.9% (24)0.28***16.2% (25)21.5% (29)18.7% (54)0.07
Overkill29.1% (69)13.8% (28)22% (97)0.18***26.5% (22)17.6% (12)22.5% (34)0.1130.5% (47)11.9% (16)21.8% (63)0.23***
Fellatio8% (19)20.7% (42)13.9% (61)0.18***6% (5)23.5% (16)13.9% (21)0.25**9.1% (14)19.3% (26)13.8% (40)0.15*
Multiple sexual acts38.4% (91)53.2% (108)45.2% (199)0.15**38.6% (32)54.4% (37)45.7% (69)0.1638.3% (59)52.6% (71)45% (130)0.14*
Post crime behaviors
Body moved32.1% (76)21.2% (43)27% (119)0.12**31.3% (26)25% (17)28.5% (43)0.0732.5% (50)19.3% (26)26.3% (76)0.15*
Attempt to conceal body32.5% (77)28.6% (58)30.7% (135)0.0431.3% (26)26.5% (18)29.1% (44)0.0533.1% (51)29.6% (40)31.5% (91)0.04
Items taken31.6% (75)52.7% (107)41.4% (182)0.21***32.5% (27)41.2% (28)36.4% (55)0.0931.2% (48)58.5% (79)43.9% (127)0.28***
Note(s):

*p <0.05; **p <0.01; ***p <0.001

Source(s): Authors’ own work

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