Table 1.

Review of lean frameworks

FrameworkStrengthsWeaknesses
Lean leadership by Dombrowski and Mielke (2014) It provides a system for the sustainable implementation and continuous improvement of lean organisationsThere is a lack of detailed implementation steps
Lean leadership attributes by Aij et al. (2015b) It demonstrates that successful implementations need systemic change and invested leadershipHealth-care-specific framework
Lean leadership practices by Ashtiani et al. (2017) It presents a lean transformational leadership organisational conceptual model, combining lean leadership and transformational leadershipLack of a of practical steps in the leadership model
Music as a framework for Lean leadership by Emiliani and Emiliani (2013) It uses music as a system to compare and understand lean leadershipStrong focus on flow, lack of practical steps
Demystifying Lean leadership by Netland et al. (2020) This study covers specific lean leadership practices for top-managers, middle managers and front-line managersIt is a discussion study and does not explore the practical steps
Lean leadership competencies for Industry 4.0 by Bianco et al. (2021) The study identified 18 Lean leadership competencies and six Leadership 4.0 competenciesIndustry 4.0 focus
The Toyota way leadership development model by Liker and Convis (2012) Makes use of PDCA cycles to develop self, develop others, support Kaizen and align with organisational visionUsed in established lean organisations
Lean “leadership people process outcome” (LPPO) implementation model by K. Dibia et al. (2014) It is system-based, people-driven and customer-centredUsed for lean implementations
Lean Developmental leadership by Ljungblom (2012) It discusses lean behavioursStudy was conducted in Swedish context

Source(s): Authors’ own work

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