OLS estimations: dependent variable: greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
| Variables | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gross value added (GVA) | 0.977*** | |||||
| (0.00854) | ||||||
| GDP per capita | −0.350*** | −0.133*** | 0.243*** | 0.325*** | 0.188*** | 0.223*** |
| (0.0169) | (0.0274) | (0.0552) | (0.0548) | (0.0571) | (0.0534) | |
| Foreign direct investment | −0.00459 | −0.0296*** | −0.0611*** | −0.0626*** | −0.0584*** | −0.0629*** |
| (0.00294) | (0.00368) | (0.00952) | (0.00967) | (0.00999) | (0.00978) | |
| Governance | −0.111*** | −0.292*** | −0.966*** | −0.944*** | −0.840*** | −0.861*** |
| (0.0356) | (0.0449) | (0.0834) | (0.0825) | (0.0843) | (0.0818) | |
| ICT | 0.000540 | −0.00150** | 0.00777*** | 0.00745*** | 0.0115*** | 0.00834*** |
| (0.000380) | (0.000596) | (0.00124) | (0.00124) | (0.00129) | (0.00122) | |
| Women empowerment | 0.00255** | −0.0129*** | 0.0105*** | 0.0120*** | 0.0109*** | 0.0107*** |
| (0.000988) | (0.00186) | (0.00264) | (0.00265) | (0.00265) | (0.00255) | |
| Resource rents | 0.0136*** | 0.0372*** | 0.0282*** | 0.0296*** | 0.0236*** | 0.0312*** |
| (0.00146) | (0.00292) | (0.00444) | (0.00440) | (0.00421) | (0.00389) | |
| Taxes less subsidies | 0.911*** | |||||
| (0.0143) | ||||||
| Cost of Business procedures | −0.00210*** | |||||
| (0.000562) | ||||||
| Time to start a business | −0.00414*** | |||||
| (0.000404) | ||||||
| Start-up procedures | 0.101*** | |||||
| (0.0125) | ||||||
| Time to register property | −0.230*** | |||||
| (0.0401) | ||||||
| Constant | −10.56*** | −7.331*** | 6.621*** | 5.940*** | 5.788*** | 7.493*** |
| (0.207) | (0.262) | (0.463) | (0.444) | (0.455) | (0.486) | |
| Observations | 1,582 | 1,556 | 1,705 | 1,705 | 1,705 | 1,696 |
| Adjusted R-squared | 0.910 | 0.826 | 0.194 | 0.201 | 0.213 | 0.206 |
| Variables | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gross value added (GVA) | 0.977*** | |||||
| (0.00854) | ||||||
| GDP per capita | −0.350*** | −0.133*** | 0.243*** | 0.325*** | 0.188*** | 0.223*** |
| (0.0169) | (0.0274) | (0.0552) | (0.0548) | (0.0571) | (0.0534) | |
| Foreign direct investment | −0.00459 | −0.0296*** | −0.0611*** | −0.0626*** | −0.0584*** | −0.0629*** |
| (0.00294) | (0.00368) | (0.00952) | (0.00967) | (0.00999) | (0.00978) | |
| Governance | −0.111*** | −0.292*** | −0.966*** | −0.944*** | −0.840*** | −0.861*** |
| (0.0356) | (0.0449) | (0.0834) | (0.0825) | (0.0843) | (0.0818) | |
| ICT | 0.000540 | −0.00150** | 0.00777*** | 0.00745*** | 0.0115*** | 0.00834*** |
| (0.000380) | (0.000596) | (0.00124) | (0.00124) | (0.00129) | (0.00122) | |
| Women empowerment | 0.00255** | −0.0129*** | 0.0105*** | 0.0120*** | 0.0109*** | 0.0107*** |
| (0.000988) | (0.00186) | (0.00264) | (0.00265) | (0.00265) | (0.00255) | |
| Resource rents | 0.0136*** | 0.0372*** | 0.0282*** | 0.0296*** | 0.0236*** | 0.0312*** |
| (0.00146) | (0.00292) | (0.00444) | (0.00440) | (0.00421) | (0.00389) | |
| Taxes less subsidies | 0.911*** | |||||
| (0.0143) | ||||||
| Cost of Business procedures | −0.00210*** | |||||
| (0.000562) | ||||||
| Time to start a business | −0.00414*** | |||||
| (0.000404) | ||||||
| Start-up procedures | 0.101*** | |||||
| (0.0125) | ||||||
| Time to register property | −0.230*** | |||||
| (0.0401) | ||||||
| Constant | −10.56*** | −7.331*** | 6.621*** | 5.940*** | 5.788*** | 7.493*** |
| (0.207) | (0.262) | (0.463) | (0.444) | (0.455) | (0.486) | |
| Observations | 1,582 | 1,556 | 1,705 | 1,705 | 1,705 | 1,696 |
| Adjusted | 0.910 | 0.826 | 0.194 | 0.201 | 0.213 | 0.206 |
Note(s): GDP = Gross domestic product; ICT = Information and communication technologies; Robust standard errors in parentheses; ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1
Source(s): Authors’ own work
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