Sensitivity of environmental sustainability indicators across income groups
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low-income | Lower-middle-income | Upper-middle-income | High-income | |
| Regressions with Driscoll-Kraay standard errors | ||||
| Variables | Dependent variable: greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions | |||
| Gross value added (GVA) | 0.844*** | 1.011*** | 1.001*** | 0.979*** |
| (0.112) | (0.0353) | (0.0394) | (0.0413) | |
| GDP per capita | 0.137 | −0.558*** | −0.556** | 0.278 |
| (0.545) | (0.113) | (0.200) | (0.164) | |
| Foreign direct investment | 0.00196 | −0.00799 | 0.00286 | −0.0172*** |
| (0.00813) | (0.00785) | (0.00923) | (0.00401) | |
| governance | −1.043** | −0.0242 | −0.150 | −0.402*** |
| (0.468) | (0.167) | (0.173) | (0.110) | |
| ICT | −0.00670 | 0.00292 | 0.00175 | −0.00401 |
| (0.00611) | (0.00223) | (0.00238) | (0.00232) | |
| Women empowerment | 0.0223 | 0.00211 | 0.00774** | −0.00220 |
| (0.0136) | (0.00396) | (0.00268) | (0.00405) | |
| Resource rents | −0.0239 | 0.0223** | 0.0124** | −0.0103*** |
| (0.0183) | (0.00849) | (0.00548) | (0.00303) | |
| Constant | −11.82*** | −10.04*** | −9.902*** | −15.06*** |
| (2.468) | (1.347) | (1.450) | (1.890) | |
| Observations | 279 | 592 | 554 | 157 |
| Number of groups | 14 | 15 | 14 | 14 |
| R-squared | 0.738 | 0.927 | 0.954 | 0.976 |
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low-income | Lower-middle-income | Upper-middle-income | High-income | |
| Regressions with Driscoll-Kraay standard errors | ||||
| Variables | Dependent variable: greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions | |||
| Gross value added (GVA) | 0.844*** | 1.011*** | 1.001*** | 0.979*** |
| (0.112) | (0.0353) | (0.0394) | (0.0413) | |
| GDP per capita | 0.137 | −0.558*** | −0.556** | 0.278 |
| (0.545) | (0.113) | (0.200) | (0.164) | |
| Foreign direct investment | 0.00196 | −0.00799 | 0.00286 | −0.0172*** |
| (0.00813) | (0.00785) | (0.00923) | (0.00401) | |
| governance | −1.043** | −0.0242 | −0.150 | −0.402*** |
| (0.468) | (0.167) | (0.173) | (0.110) | |
| ICT | −0.00670 | 0.00292 | 0.00175 | −0.00401 |
| (0.00611) | (0.00223) | (0.00238) | (0.00232) | |
| Women empowerment | 0.0223 | 0.00211 | 0.00774** | −0.00220 |
| (0.0136) | (0.00396) | (0.00268) | (0.00405) | |
| Resource rents | −0.0239 | 0.0223** | 0.0124** | −0.0103*** |
| (0.0183) | (0.00849) | (0.00548) | (0.00303) | |
| Constant | −11.82*** | −10.04*** | −9.902*** | −15.06*** |
| (2.468) | (1.347) | (1.450) | (1.890) | |
| Observations | 279 | 592 | 554 | 157 |
| Number of groups | 14 | 15 | 14 | 14 |
| 0.738 | 0.927 | 0.954 | 0.976 | |
Note(s): GDP = Gross domestic product; ICT = Information and communication technologies; Standard errors in parentheses; ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1
Source(s): Authors’ own work
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