Table 1

Definitions of the dependent and independent variables employed in the models

VariableDescription
Dependent variable
TobinsQThe ratio between the market value of the company divided by the assets' replacement cost
Independent variables
PIAThe ratio of intangible assets to total assets
PGWThe ratio of goodwill to the total assets
Control variables
SIZEThe size of the company is computed as the logarithm of total assets
CRCurrent ratio (Current assets/Current liabilities)
SGRSustainable growth rate computed as 1- (cost of ordinary dividends/net profit)*ROE
ZscoreAltman Z-score
LEVThe degree of indebtedness (total debt over shareholders’ funds)
ROAReturn on Assets (P/L before tax over total assets)
GFCDummy variable for the global financial crisis
CoCDummy variable for the COVID-19 pandemic
Source(s): Own elaboration

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