Table 6 Final list of capabilities...

Table 6

Final list of capabilities

Capability	Code	Description	Citation
Sensing integration	PPC1	Ability to capture physical, chemical, or biological conditions through sensors and convert them into structured digital signals that are reliably integrated into PPC information systems (e.g. machine sensors continuously feeding temperature and vibration data to update process parameters)	35, 37, 44, 53, 74
Interoperability of smart resources	PPC2	Ability of production resources to communicate and exchange data across heterogeneous protocols, ensuring consistent information flows that support PPC objectives (e.g. machines from different vendors sharing job and status data through a unified middleware)	2, 10, 11, 15, 20, 23, 26, 29, 37, 39, 43, 48, 49, 53, 61, 74, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86
SIP/Production line auto-reconfiguration	PPC3	Ability to adjust product or line configurations during operation in response to process requirements and operational data, enabling faster changeovers and reduced setup times (e.g. automatic tooling and routing adjustments when switching product variants)	1, 2, 6, 7, 10, 14, 24, 28, 31, 34, 44, 51, 62, 63, 67, 69, 74
Workforce reconfiguration	PPC4	Ability to dynamically reorganize team roles, task allocations, and human–system interactions in response to changing production conditions, supported by integrated operational information (e.g. operators reassigned in real time to bottleneck stations based on shop-floor data)	1, 8, 10, 15, 18, 20, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 39, 42, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 52, 53, 54, 62, 68, 74, 78, 86
Full cyber-physical-social integration	PPC5	Ability to coordinate decisions across technical systems and human actors by integrating operational data with contextual and organizational information (e.g. planners and supervisors jointly adjusting daily plans based on synchronized system recommendations)	3, 8, 22, 23, 24, 26, 29, 35, 39, 41, 45, 48, 54, 57, 59, 62, 65, 67, 71, 72, 73, 74, 78, 82, 86
Remote process control	PPC6	Ability to monitor and control products or processes remotely through embedded control logic or cloud-based algorithms (e.g. engineers remotely adjusting process parameters from a central control room)	2, 57, 66, 75, 79
Self-optimizing decision performance	PPC7	Ability to continuously improve PPC decisions by applying analytics to historical and real-time data, enabling adaptive optimization based on prior outcomes (e.g. scheduling rules refined over time based on delivery and utilization performance)	2, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 18, 22, 33, 39, 46, 48, 49, 53, 57, 58, 60, 67, 68, 73, 74, 79, 84
Machine-to-Machine integration	PPC8	Ability of interconnected machines to exchange information and coordinate actions autonomously during production execution (e.g. machines negotiating job sequencing to balance workloads)	2, 8, 9, 10, 17, 18, 22, 46, 48, 61, 62, 66, 68, 74, 80, 81, 84
Enhanced data collection	PPC9	Ability to systematically collect, update, and communicate production data across processes to support timely PPC decisions (e.g. real-time production data continuously updating order priorities)	15, 22, 36, 49, 68, 70, 75, 78, 80, 81
Adaptive and resilient production	PPC10	Ability of the production system to respond effectively to demand changes, disruptions, and scheduling variations through coordinated adjustments (e.g. dynamic rescheduling following supplier delays)	1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 42, 43, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 62, 68, 75, 79, 80
Complexity management for product-service systems	PPC11	Ability to manage and coordinate the operational complexity associated with integrated product–service offerings (e.g. joint planning of production and service activities for performance-based contracts)	37, 40, 74, 76, 77, 84
Real-time operational visibility	PPC12	Ability to access and visualize up-to-date information on ongoing operations, enabling continuous monitoring and operational control (e.g. real-time dashboards tracking order progress and machine status)	1, 8, 15, 17, 18, 36, 37, 41, 55, 56, 73, 75, 81, 84

Capability	Code	Description	Citation
Sensing integration	PPC1	Ability to capture physical, chemical, or biological conditions through sensors and convert them into structured digital signals that are reliably integrated into PPC information systems (e.g. machine sensors continuously feeding temperature and vibration data to update process parameters)	35, 37, 44, 53, 74
Interoperability of smart resources	PPC2	Ability of production resources to communicate and exchange data across heterogeneous protocols, ensuring consistent information flows that support PPC objectives (e.g. machines from different vendors sharing job and status data through a unified middleware)	2, 10, 11, 15, 20, 23, 26, 29, 37, 39, 43, 48, 49, 53, 61, 74, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86
SIP/Production line auto-reconfiguration	PPC3	Ability to adjust product or line configurations during operation in response to process requirements and operational data, enabling faster changeovers and reduced setup times (e.g. automatic tooling and routing adjustments when switching product variants)	1, 2, 6, 7, 10, 14, 24, 28, 31, 34, 44, 51, 62, 63, 67, 69, 74
Workforce reconfiguration	PPC4	Ability to dynamically reorganize team roles, task allocations, and human–system interactions in response to changing production conditions, supported by integrated operational information (e.g. operators reassigned in real time to bottleneck stations based on shop-floor data)	1, 8, 10, 15, 18, 20, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 39, 42, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 52, 53, 54, 62, 68, 74, 78, 86
Full cyber-physical-social integration	PPC5	Ability to coordinate decisions across technical systems and human actors by integrating operational data with contextual and organizational information (e.g. planners and supervisors jointly adjusting daily plans based on synchronized system recommendations)	3, 8, 22, 23, 24, 26, 29, 35, 39, 41, 45, 48, 54, 57, 59, 62, 65, 67, 71, 72, 73, 74, 78, 82, 86
Remote process control	PPC6	Ability to monitor and control products or processes remotely through embedded control logic or cloud-based algorithms (e.g. engineers remotely adjusting process parameters from a central control room)	2, 57, 66, 75, 79
Self-optimizing decision performance	PPC7	Ability to continuously improve PPC decisions by applying analytics to historical and real-time data, enabling adaptive optimization based on prior outcomes (e.g. scheduling rules refined over time based on delivery and utilization performance)	2, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 18, 22, 33, 39, 46, 48, 49, 53, 57, 58, 60, 67, 68, 73, 74, 79, 84
Machine-to-Machine integration	PPC8	Ability of interconnected machines to exchange information and coordinate actions autonomously during production execution (e.g. machines negotiating job sequencing to balance workloads)	2, 8, 9, 10, 17, 18, 22, 46, 48, 61, 62, 66, 68, 74, 80, 81, 84
Enhanced data collection	PPC9	Ability to systematically collect, update, and communicate production data across processes to support timely PPC decisions (e.g. real-time production data continuously updating order priorities)	15, 22, 36, 49, 68, 70, 75, 78, 80, 81
Adaptive and resilient production	PPC10	Ability of the production system to respond effectively to demand changes, disruptions, and scheduling variations through coordinated adjustments (e.g. dynamic rescheduling following supplier delays)	1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 42, 43, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 62, 68, 75, 79, 80
Complexity management for product-service systems	PPC11	Ability to manage and coordinate the operational complexity associated with integrated product–service offerings (e.g. joint planning of production and service activities for performance-based contracts)	37, 40, 74, 76, 77, 84
Real-time operational visibility	PPC12	Ability to access and visualize up-to-date information on ongoing operations, enabling continuous monitoring and operational control (e.g. real-time dashboards tracking order progress and machine status)	1, 8, 15, 17, 18, 36, 37, 41, 55, 56, 73, 75, 81, 84

Note(s): 1. Nakane and Hall (1991), 2. Mathews (1995), 3. Bengoa et al. (1996), 4. Márkus et al. (1996), 5. Tseng et al. (1997), 6. Van Leeuwen and Norrie (1997), 7. Tanaya et al. (1997), 8. Gou et al. (1998), 9. Honma et al. (1998), 10. Valckenaers et al. (1999), 11. Wyns et al. (1999), 12. Ulieru and Norrie (2000), 13. Bongaerts et al. (2000) 14. Lun and Chen (2000), 15. Zhang et al. (2000), 16. Fletcher and Deen (2001), 17. Heragu et al. (2002), 18. Chan and Zhang (2002), 19. Jarvis et al. (2003), 20. Sugi et al. (2003), 21. Tamura et al. (2005)), 22. Leitão et al. (2005), 23. Leitão and Restivo (2006), 24. Simão et al. (2006), 25. Leitão et al. (2006), 26. Zhang et al. (2007), 27. Colombo and Harrison (2008), 28. Leitão and Restivo (2008a), 29. Leitão (2009), 30. Blanc et al. (2008), 31. Leitão and Restivo (2008b), 32. Chokshi and McFarlane (2008), 33. Simao and Stadzisz (2009), 34. Covanich and McFarlane (2009), 35. Pannequin et al. (2009), 36. Wang and Lin (2009), 37. Valckenaers et al. (2009), 38. Goch and Dijkman (2009), 39. Mekid et al. (2009), 40. Yang et al. (2009), 41. Babiceanu and Chen (2009), 42. Hsieh (2009), 43. Meyer et al. (2009), 44. Atzori et al. (2010), 45. Cheung et al. (2000), 46. McFarlane and Bussmann (2000), 47. Hsieh (2010), 48. Sallez et al. (2010), 49. Bal and Hashemipour (2011), 50. Leitão (2011), 51. Meyer et al. (2011), 52. Borangiu et al. (2014), 53. Leitão et al. (2013), 54. McFarlane et al. (2013), 55. Takahara and Yasaki (2013), 56. Meyer et al. (2014), 57. Porter and Heppelmann (2015), 58. Bouazza et al. (2015), 59. Putnik et al. (2015), 60. Leitão et al. (2015), 61. Porter and Heppelmann (2015), 62. Barbosa et al. (2015), 63. Abramovici et al. (2017), 64. Torres-Palacio (2017), 65. Ding and Jiang (2018), 66. Sorouri and Vyatkin (2018), 67. Cena et al. (2019), 68. Shin et al. (2019), 69. Zhang et al. (2020), 70. Lenz et al. (2020), 71. Raff et al. (2020), 72. Pardo et al. (2020), 73. Hungud and Arunachalam (2020), 74. (Derigent et al. (2021), 75. Yi et al. (2021), 76. Vendrell-Herrero et al. (2021), 77. Ruhul Amin et al. (2021), 78. Liu et al. (2023), 79. Imad et al. (2022), 80. Antons and Arlinghaus (2022a), 81. Antons and Arlinghaus (2022b), 82. (Tran et al. (2022), 83. (Attajer et al. (2022), 84. (Lei et al. (2023), 85. Turner et al. (2022), 86. Turner and Oyekan (2023)

Source(s): The authors (2025)

[ViewLarge]

Sharing Unavailable