Constructs and items used to measure causal conditions
| Causal conditions | Construct element | Cronbach’s α > 0.70 | AVE > 0.50 | Example of some items-questions | Studies |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total quality management (TQM) | 0.935 | 0.541 |
| Furlan et al., 2011; Galeazzo and Furlan, 2018; Galeazzo et al., 2024 |
| Just-in-time (JIT) | 0.912 | 0.689 |
| ||
| Total productive maintenance (TPM) | 0.918 | 0.592 |
| ||
| 4. SPS behavior | Systematic approach to solve problems | 0.818 | 0.613 |
| Furlan et al., 2019; Galeazzo and Furlan, 2019; Galeazzo et al., 2024 |
| Causal conditions | Construct element | Cronbach’s α > 0.70 | Example of some items-questions | Studies | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. 2. 3. | Total quality management ( | 0.935 | 0.541 | The production processes in our plant are designed to avoid errors (they are “fool-proof”) Information on quality levels is provided to staff in a timely manner | |
| Just-in-time ( | 0.912 | 0.689 | Our suppliers operate by filling our containers (kanban), rather than by purchasing orders Our customers receive “just-in-time” deliveries from us | ||
| Total productive maintenance ( | 0.918 | 0.592 | Workers understand the cause and effect of equipment deterioration We estimate the lifespan of our equipment, so we can plan for repair or replacement | ||
| 4. | Systematic approach to solve problems | 0.818 | 0.613 | When I find myself facing a problem, I usually first analyse the situation to identify the most important elements to solve it When I make a decision, I compare the alternatives and evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of each of them compared to all the others |