Table 2 Construct definitions and... | Emerald Publishing

Table 2

Construct definitions and measurement sources

Construct	Construct definition	No. of construct items	Source(s)
Ethical and academic integrity	Academic and ethical integrity is the commitment to honesty, fairness, and responsibility in scholarly work. It entails maintaining standards such as study originality, appropriate citation and avoiding unethical behaviour or conduct like plagiarism, cheating or falsification to preserve credibility	5	Guerrero-Dib et al. (2020); Ahmed et al. (2023), Akter (2021), Cavaliere et al. (2020), McIntire et al. (2024), Mulenga and Shilongo (2024), Berlinck (2011)
Legal and Institutional consequences	The punishments legislated by legal or academic institutions for those violating ethical or intellectual norms are named legal and institutional consequences	3	Carter et al. (2019), Garner and Hubbell (2013), Carter et al. (2019), Sozon et al. (2024)
Educational environment and support	The resources, environment and advice that academic institutions offer to promote learning and maintain academic integrity are referred to as the educational environment and support	6	Farahian et al. (2022), Fazilatfar et al. (2018), Devlin and Gray (2007), Selemani et al. (2018)
Academic pressures and incentives	Student behaviour is influenced by both internal and external variables, including academic expectations and incentives. Incentives include scholarships, recognition and employment possibilities promote good performance, while pressures like high expectations, competitive grading and excessive workloads can provide stress and incentives for misconduct	6	McIntire et al. (2024), Enamudu and Akonedo (2021), Miles et al. (2022), Devlin and Gray (2007), Selemani et al. (2018)
Techniques to avoid plagiarism	Techniques for preventing plagiarism are ways to guarantee uniqueness and appropriate citation of sources in professional and academic writing. These include taking precise notes, paraphrasing well, properly citing sources and utilizing plagiarism detection software to prevent inadvertent duplication	6	Kumar et al. (2014), Babaii and Nejadghanbar (2017), Garner and Hubbell (2013)

Construct	Construct definition	No. of construct items	Source(s)
Ethical and academic integrity	Academic and ethical integrity is the commitment to honesty, fairness, and responsibility in scholarly work. It entails maintaining standards such as study originality, appropriate citation and avoiding unethical behaviour or conduct like plagiarism, cheating or falsification to preserve credibility	5	Guerrero-Dib et al. (2020); Ahmed et al. (2023), Akter (2021), Cavaliere et al. (2020), McIntire et al. (2024), Mulenga and Shilongo (2024), Berlinck (2011)
Legal and Institutional consequences	The punishments legislated by legal or academic institutions for those violating ethical or intellectual norms are named legal and institutional consequences	3	Carter et al. (2019), Garner and Hubbell (2013), Carter et al. (2019), Sozon et al. (2024)
Educational environment and support	The resources, environment and advice that academic institutions offer to promote learning and maintain academic integrity are referred to as the educational environment and support	6	Farahian et al. (2022), Fazilatfar et al. (2018), Devlin and Gray (2007), Selemani et al. (2018)
Academic pressures and incentives	Student behaviour is influenced by both internal and external variables, including academic expectations and incentives. Incentives include scholarships, recognition and employment possibilities promote good performance, while pressures like high expectations, competitive grading and excessive workloads can provide stress and incentives for misconduct	6	McIntire et al. (2024), Enamudu and Akonedo (2021), Miles et al. (2022), Devlin and Gray (2007), Selemani et al. (2018)
Techniques to avoid plagiarism	Techniques for preventing plagiarism are ways to guarantee uniqueness and appropriate citation of sources in professional and academic writing. These include taking precise notes, paraphrasing well, properly citing sources and utilizing plagiarism detection software to prevent inadvertent duplication	6	Kumar et al. (2014), Babaii and Nejadghanbar (2017), Garner and Hubbell (2013)

Source(s): Authors' own creation