Table 1. Validity and reliability...

Table 1.

Validity and reliability analysis

Constructs	Measurement items	Factor loading	t-value	R²	Composite reliability	AVE
EE_LB	LB1: Encourages participatory styles by managers	0.829***	12.464	0.687	0.872	0.694
	LB2: Proactive with regard to safety matters	0.847***	12.835	0.717
	LB3: Taps into team members’ potential	0.823***	f.p.*	0.677
	LB4: Relays the importance of corporate vision	Variable removed
	LB5: Emphasizes safety over productivity	Variable removed
	LB6: Structure is designed so anyone can lead	Variable removed
MR_LB	LB7: Participates in workforce safety activities	0.836***	11.758	0.698	0.886	0.795
	LB8: Visible and consistent commitment to safety	0.945***	f.p.*	0.892
	LB9: Reinforces workers’ safe behaviors	Variable removed
PE_LB	LB10: Ensures compliance with safety regulations	0.813***	11.380	0.662	0.855	0.663
	LB11: Provides resources for safety programs	0.801***	f.p.*	0.642
	LB12: Actively involved in safety initiatives	0.827***	11.595	0.684
	LB13: Allots adequate time for safety	Variable removed
CON	CON1: Fosters relationships within teams	0.855***	15.958	0.730	0.944	0.772
	CON2: Encourages co-learning among employees	0.857***	16.056	0.734
	CON4: Provides an open channel for communication	0.891***	17.644	0.795
	CON6: Endorses openness and honesty	0.888***	17.477	0.788
	CON8: Creates clearly defined values and beliefs	0.900***	f.p.*	0.811
	CON3: Promotes workers’ participation	Variable removed
	CON5: Spends time teaching and coaching	Variable removed
	CON7: Has a strong sense of clarity and purpose	Variable removed
INT	INT1: Champions building of trust among teams	0.885***	14.416	0.784	0.936	0.785
	INT2: Upholds the spirit of cooperation	0.896***	15.882	0.802
	INT3: Emphasizes team-orientation efforts	0.917***	15.375	0.841
	INT4: Has a network of projects that share best practices	0.843***	f.p.*	0.711
FBK	FBK1: Views mistakes as opportunities for learning	0.869***	11.869	0.755	0.904	0.704
	FBK2: Welcomes suggestions to improve safety	0.915***	12.238	0.836
	FBK3: Reviews lessons learned and works on them	0.800***	13.998	0.640
	FBK4: Ever ready to take up new challenges	0.764***	f.p.*	0.583
	FBK5: Quick to deploy resources to for initiatives	Variable removed
EXP	EXP2: Always welcomes new ideas/options	0.725***	10.548	0.526	0.909	0.716
	EXP3: Encourages teams to try new strategies	0.858***	13.178	0.736
	EXP4: Prompts teams to seek ways to improve safety	0.990***	14.269	0.981
	EXP5: Encourages safety initiatives	0.787***	f.p.*	0.620
	EXP1: Open to take advantage of new opportunities	Variable removed
	EXP6: Promotes pro-development programs	Variable removed
MAD	MAD1: Facilitates changes within the organization	0.905***	21.359	0.819	0.969	0.864
	MAD2: Influences other team members	0.923***	22.838	0.851
	MAD3: Is influenced by other team members	0.961***	26.816	0.924
	MAD4: Works together to accommodate changes	0.938***	f.p.*	0.880
	MAD5: Seeks new information to improve safety	0.920***	26.816	0.846
SP	SP1: Participates in safety programs	0.903***	f.p.*	0.816	0.949	0.825
	SP2: Carries out activities that help improve workplace safety	0.966***	16.599	0.933
	SP3: Advises management about safety-related matters	0.902***	18.576	0.814
	SP4: Helps each other when working under unsafe conditions	0.858***	20.508	0.736
	SP5: Attends regular safety meetings or workshops	Variable removed
	SP6: Promotes safety programs	Variable removed

Constructs	Measurement items	Factor loading	t-value	R²	Composite reliability	AVE
EE_LB	LB1: Encourages participatory styles by managers	0.829***	12.464	0.687	0.872	0.694
	LB2: Proactive with regard to safety matters	0.847***	12.835	0.717
	LB3: Taps into team members’ potential	0.823***	f.p.*	0.677
	LB4: Relays the importance of corporate vision	Variable removed
	LB5: Emphasizes safety over productivity	Variable removed
	LB6: Structure is designed so anyone can lead	Variable removed
MR_LB	LB7: Participates in workforce safety activities	0.836***	11.758	0.698	0.886	0.795
	LB8: Visible and consistent commitment to safety	0.945***	f.p.*	0.892
	LB9: Reinforces workers’ safe behaviors	Variable removed
PE_LB	LB10: Ensures compliance with safety regulations	0.813***	11.380	0.662	0.855	0.663
	LB11: Provides resources for safety programs	0.801***	f.p.*	0.642
	LB12: Actively involved in safety initiatives	0.827***	11.595	0.684
	LB13: Allots adequate time for safety	Variable removed
CON	CON1: Fosters relationships within teams	0.855***	15.958	0.730	0.944	0.772
	CON2: Encourages co-learning among employees	0.857***	16.056	0.734
	CON4: Provides an open channel for communication	0.891***	17.644	0.795
	CON6: Endorses openness and honesty	0.888***	17.477	0.788
	CON8: Creates clearly defined values and beliefs	0.900***	f.p.*	0.811
	CON3: Promotes workers’ participation	Variable removed
	CON5: Spends time teaching and coaching	Variable removed
	CON7: Has a strong sense of clarity and purpose	Variable removed
INT	INT1: Champions building of trust among teams	0.885***	14.416	0.784	0.936	0.785
	INT2: Upholds the spirit of cooperation	0.896***	15.882	0.802
	INT3: Emphasizes team-orientation efforts	0.917***	15.375	0.841
	INT4: Has a network of projects that share best practices	0.843***	f.p.*	0.711
FBK	FBK1: Views mistakes as opportunities for learning	0.869***	11.869	0.755	0.904	0.704
	FBK2: Welcomes suggestions to improve safety	0.915***	12.238	0.836
	FBK3: Reviews lessons learned and works on them	0.800***	13.998	0.640
	FBK4: Ever ready to take up new challenges	0.764***	f.p.*	0.583
	FBK5: Quick to deploy resources to for initiatives	Variable removed
EXP	EXP2: Always welcomes new ideas/options	0.725***	10.548	0.526	0.909	0.716
	EXP3: Encourages teams to try new strategies	0.858***	13.178	0.736
	EXP4: Prompts teams to seek ways to improve safety	0.990***	14.269	0.981
	EXP5: Encourages safety initiatives	0.787***	f.p.*	0.620
	EXP1: Open to take advantage of new opportunities	Variable removed
	EXP6: Promotes pro-development programs	Variable removed
MAD	MAD1: Facilitates changes within the organization	0.905***	21.359	0.819	0.969	0.864
	MAD2: Influences other team members	0.923***	22.838	0.851
	MAD3: Is influenced by other team members	0.961***	26.816	0.924
	MAD4: Works together to accommodate changes	0.938***	f.p.*	0.880
	MAD5: Seeks new information to improve safety	0.920***	26.816	0.846
SP	SP1: Participates in safety programs	0.903***	f.p.*	0.816	0.949	0.825
	SP2: Carries out activities that help improve workplace safety	0.966***	16.599	0.933
	SP3: Advises management about safety-related matters	0.902***	18.576	0.814
	SP4: Helps each other when working under unsafe conditions	0.858***	20.508	0.736
	SP5: Attends regular safety meetings or workshops	Variable removed
	SP6: Promotes safety programs	Variable removed

Note(s):

***p < 0.001; f.p.* = fixed parameter for estimation

Source(s): Authors’ own work

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