Table 2

Directions for future research in Psychological Contract

ThemesKey areas and future research
Theoretical advances
  • Novel theoretical perspectives such as sensemaking (Sanders and Florkowski, 2026)/flow theory (Kusi et al., 2026)/social information processing theory (Chaudhry et al., 2026)/organizational justice (Saksida et al., 2026)

  • Related constructs to advance PC theory: Ambivalence (Conway and Clinton, 2026)/moral identity, courage and resilience (Hameed et al., 2026)

Novel antecedents and outcomes/mediating and moderating mechanisms
  • More organizational antecedents: psychological safety/diversity climate/organizational values/management team (Kusi et al., 2026; Manchia et al., 2026; Nayak and Budhwar, 2026)

  • Individual-level factors- age/gender/tenure/family status/religiosity/personality traits as PC moderators (Saef et al., 2026; Manchia et al., 2026; Nayak and Budhwar, 2026)

  • Mediating/moderating mechanisms: violation/negotiating i-deals/perceived organizational responsiveness/justice/morality/job satisfaction/trust dynamics/team cohesion (Conway and Clinton, 2026; Foroudi and Fakhreddin, 2026)

  • Expand outcomes: wellbeing/job performance/knowledge sharing/team dynamics/brand loyalty/revenue/customer attitudes and behaviors (Hameed et al., 2026; Kusi et al., 2026; Manchia et al., 2026)

Business ethics and sustainability
  • Ideological PC fulfillment and Diversity- PC breach shaped by diversity climate (Foroudi and Fakhreddin, 2026; Nayak and Budhwar, 2026)

  • Transactional psychological contract- employees' environmental attitudes relationship (Arslan et al., 2026)

  • Impact of ethics-centered HRM systems on knowledge hiding through PC fulfillment (Hameed et al., 2026)

  • AI adoption in sustainability-sensitive industries to study PC fulfillment (Foroudi and Fakhreddin, 2026)

  • Socially responsible approach to metaverse: reducing potential negative psychological, behavioral, and health effects (e.g., addiction/anxiety/sense of detachment from reality) (Kusi et al., 2026)

Contextual factorsCultural influences
  • Individual-level cultural traits- xenophobia/essentialism/lack of openness (Kusi et al., 2026; Nayak and Budhwar, 2026)

  • Regional workforce and industry composition (Kusi et al., 2026; Nayak and Budhwar, 2026)

  • National culture: individualism- collectivism/power distance/low vs high context cultures (Foroudi and Fakhreddin, 2026; Kusi et al., 2026; Manchia et al., 2026)

  • Cross-cultural comparison to explore cultural diversity and variation (Chaudhry et al., 2026; Hassan et al., 2026; Kusi et al., 2026; Nayak and Budhwar, 2026)

Structural and institutional factors
  • Socio-institutional factors (Chaudhry et al., 2026)

  • Internal organizational changes: restructuring/mergers/changes in structure (Chaudhry et al., 2026)

Economic and labor factors
  • Gig work (Saksida et al., 2026)

  • Economic dependence (Saksida et al., 2026)

  • Organized labor: Union activity (Sanders and Florkowski, 2026)

  • External shocks: recession/natural disaster/pandemic/political instability (Chaudhry et al., 2026)

Technology
  • Influence of metaverse on employee and customer PC (Kusi et al., 2026)

  • Role of technological proficiency in shaping PC perceptions in metaverse (Kusi et al., 2026)

  • Technology as enabler and barrier to sensemaking in PC processes (Sanders and Florkowski, 2026)

  • AI adoption as a moderator for PC fulfillment-employee outcomes (Foroudi and Fakhreddin, 2026)

Methodological suggestions
  • Longitudinal study design to increase causal inferences (Arslan et al., 2026; Chaudhry et al., 2026; Hameed et al., 2026; Foroudi and Fakhreddin, 2026; Hassan et al., 2026; Saksida et al., 2026)

  • Qualitative research methodology to increase contextual understanding (Foroudi and Fakhreddin, 2026; Hassan et al., 2026; Kusi et al., 2026)

  • Multi-source data such as diverse respondents (employees, supervisors, co-workers, customers)/dyadic data/objective measures (e.g. application software) to increase generalizability and reduce common method bias issues (Conway and Clinton, 2026; Arslan et al., 2026; Saksida et al., 2026; Hameed et al., 2026; Foroudi and Fakhreddin, 2026; Hassan et al., 2026; Nayak and Budhwar, 2026)

  • Mixed-methods combining qualitative and quantitative approaches (Chaudhry et al., 2026; Hassan et al., 2026)

  • Novel methodologies/data collection methods: event and experience sampling/diary studies/immersive ethnographies/experimental/quasi-experimental methodologies/netnography/Think-Aloud protocol (Saef et al., 2026; Saksida et al., 2026; Sanders and Florkowski, 2026; Kusi et al., 2026; Nayak and Budhwar, 2026)

  • Multi-level examination across individual, team, and organizational levels, e.g. explore PC outcomes such as well-being/turnover intentions/team performance/organizational innovation (Hameed et al., 2026; Foroudi and Fakhreddin, 2026; Hassan et al., 2026)

  • Comprehensive measurement of PC and other constructs: perceived supervisory support/diversity-related PC breach (Nayak and Budhwar, 2026)

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