Table 2 The levels of GDP per capita and...

Table 2

The levels of GDP per capita and radical environmentalism

	GDP per capita groups
	Low GDP (A)		High GDP (B)
Conflict type	N	%	N	%
Panel A
violent	369	22.3 ^(B)	172	10
non-violent	1,288	77.7	1,555	90 ^(A)
Total	1,657	100	1727	100
Chi-square stats = 95.40***; df = 1
Panel B
repression	468	28.2 ^(B)	258	14.9
non-repression	1,189	71.8	1,469	85.1 ^(A)
Total	1,657	100	1727	100
Chi-square stats = 88.83***; df = 1
Panel C
displacement	463	27.9 ^(B)	186	10.8
non-displacement	1,194	72.1	1,541	89.2 ^(A)
Total	1,657	100	1727	100
Chi-square stats = 160.87***; df = 1
Panel D
Death	271	16.4 ^(B)	95	5.5
non-death	1,386	83.6	1,632	94.5 ^(A)
Total	1,657	100	1727	100
Chi-square stats = 103.28***; df = 1
Panel E
criminalisation	363	21.9 ^(B)	303	17.5
non-criminalisation	1,294	78.1	1,424	82.5 ^(A)
Total	1,657	100	1727	100
Chi-square stats = 10.18***; df = 1
Panel F
radical environmentalism (RE) score
0	794	47.9	1,199	69.4 ^(A)
1	352	21.2 ^(B)	248	14.4
2	172	10.4 ^(B)	145	8.4
3	168	10.1 ^(B)	78	4.5
4	121	7.3 ^(B)	43	2.5
5	50	3 ^(B)	14	0.80
Total	1,657	100	1727	100
Chi-square stats = 191.54***; df = 5

	GDP per capita groups
	Low GDP (A)		High GDP (B)
Conflict type	N	%	N	%
Panel A
violent	369	22.3 ^(B)	172	10
non-violent	1,288	77.7	1,555	90 ^(A)
Total	1,657	100	1727	100
Chi-square stats = 95.40***; df = 1
Panel B
repression	468	28.2 ^(B)	258	14.9
non-repression	1,189	71.8	1,469	85.1 ^(A)
Total	1,657	100	1727	100
Chi-square stats = 88.83***; df = 1
Panel C
displacement	463	27.9 ^(B)	186	10.8
non-displacement	1,194	72.1	1,541	89.2 ^(A)
Total	1,657	100	1727	100
Chi-square stats = 160.87***; df = 1
Panel D
Death	271	16.4 ^(B)	95	5.5
non-death	1,386	83.6	1,632	94.5 ^(A)
Total	1,657	100	1727	100
Chi-square stats = 103.28***; df = 1
Panel E
criminalisation	363	21.9 ^(B)	303	17.5
non-criminalisation	1,294	78.1	1,424	82.5 ^(A)
Total	1,657	100	1727	100
Chi-square stats = 10.18***; df = 1
Panel F
radical environmentalism (RE) score
0	794	47.9	1,199	69.4 ^(A)
1	352	21.2 ^(B)	248	14.4
2	172	10.4 ^(B)	145	8.4
3	168	10.1 ^(B)	78	4.5
4	121	7.3 ^(B)	43	2.5
5	50	3 ^(B)	14	0.80
Total	1,657	100	1727	100
Chi-square stats = 191.54***; df = 5

Note(s): Pearson Chi-square test statistic for the presence of a significant association between the variables is shown (***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05). In addition, when a column pair is found to show a significant difference in proportion (at the 5% level), the column label, defined by low/high GDP grouping, that corresponds with the smaller proportion is recorded in the column that corresponds with the larger proportion. Tests are adjusted for all pairwise comparisons within a row of each innermost subtable using the Bonferroni correction. The low GDP group consists of corporations ranked 1 and 2 (lowest 40%), while the high GDP group consists of corporations ranked 4 and 5 (highest 40%)

Source(s): Authors’ own work

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