Variables description
| Variables | Description | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Equation (1) | ||
| Dependent variable | ||
| TEA | Total early-stage entrepreneurial activity. Percentage of adults aged 18–64 setting up a business or owning–managing a young firm (up to 3.5 years old) | GEM 2004–2018 |
| Independent variables | ||
| Policy support | ||
| R&D staff in Public Administration | Number of staff involved in R&D in public administration by autonomous community | Ministry of Economics, Industry and Competitiveness 2004–2018 |
| Researchers in Public Administration | Number of researchers in public administration by autonomous community | Ministry of Economics, Industry and Competitiveness 2004–2018 |
| Control variables | ||
| Education | Percentage of population with tertiary education by autonomous community | INE 2004–2018 |
| Firms | Number of firms within the autonomous community | INE 2004–2018 |
| Self-employees in industry | Number of self-employed workers in the industry sector by autonomous community | INE 2004–2018 |
| Self-employees in construction | Number of self-employed workers in the construction sector by autonomous community | INE 2004–2018 |
| Self-employees in service | Number of self-employed workers in the service sector by autonomous community | INE 2004–2018 |
| Public administration expenditure in R&D | Total expenditure of R&D by public administration in autonomous community (in thousand of Euros) | Ministry of Economics, Industry and Competitiveness 2004–2018 |
| Unemployment rate | Unemployment rate by autonomous community | INE 2004–2018 |
| GDP per capita | Total value of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. Data in 2010 constant euros | INE 2004–2018 |
| Population | Number of inhabitants by autonomous community | INE 2004–2018 |
| Equation (2) | ||
| Dependent variable | ||
| GDP | Total value of gross domestic product (GDP) by autonomous community. Data in 2010 constant values | INE 2004–2018 |
| Independent variables | ||
| TEA | Total early-stage entrepreneurial activity. Percentage of adults aged 18–64 setting up a business or owning–managing a young firm (up to 3.5 years old) | GEM 2004–2018 |
| R&D expenditure | Total expenditure of R&D as percentage of GDP approved by law. It includes firms and universities | Ministry of Economics, Industry and Competitiveness 2006–2014 |
| Capital | Total gross capital formation by firms in autonomous community. Data in 2010 constant euros | INE 2004–2018 |
| Labor force | Number of people with a job by autonomous community | INE 2004–2018 |
| Government expenditure | Final government consumption. Data in 2010 constant euros | Ministry of Finance and Public Office (Ministerio de Hacienda y Función Pública) 2004–2018 |
| Variables | Description | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Dependent variable | ||
| TEA | Total early-stage entrepreneurial activity. Percentage of adults aged 18–64 setting up a business or owning–managing a young firm (up to 3.5 years old) | GEM 2004–2018 |
| Independent variables | ||
| R&D staff in Public Administration | Number of staff involved in R&D in public administration by autonomous community | Ministry of Economics, Industry and Competitiveness 2004–2018 |
| Researchers in Public Administration | Number of researchers in public administration by autonomous community | Ministry of Economics, Industry and Competitiveness 2004–2018 |
| Education | Percentage of population with tertiary education by autonomous community | INE 2004–2018 |
| Firms | Number of firms within the autonomous community | INE 2004–2018 |
| Self-employees in industry | Number of self-employed workers in the industry sector by autonomous community | INE 2004–2018 |
| Self-employees in construction | Number of self-employed workers in the construction sector by autonomous community | INE 2004–2018 |
| Self-employees in service | Number of self-employed workers in the service sector by autonomous community | INE 2004–2018 |
| Public administration expenditure in R&D | Total expenditure of R&D by public administration in autonomous community (in thousand of Euros) | Ministry of Economics, Industry and Competitiveness 2004–2018 |
| Unemployment rate | Unemployment rate by autonomous community | INE 2004–2018 |
| GDP per capita | Total value of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. Data in 2010 constant euros | INE 2004–2018 |
| Population | Number of inhabitants by autonomous community | INE 2004–2018 |
| Dependent variable | ||
| GDP | Total value of gross domestic product (GDP) by autonomous community. Data in 2010 constant values | INE 2004–2018 |
| Independent variables | ||
| TEA | Total early-stage entrepreneurial activity. Percentage of adults aged 18–64 setting up a business or owning–managing a young firm (up to 3.5 years old) | GEM 2004–2018 |
| R&D expenditure | Total expenditure of R&D as percentage of GDP approved by law. It includes firms and universities | Ministry of Economics, Industry and Competitiveness 2006–2014 |
| Capital | Total gross capital formation by firms in autonomous community. Data in 2010 constant euros | INE 2004–2018 |
| Labor force | Number of people with a job by autonomous community | INE 2004–2018 |
| Government expenditure | Final government consumption. Data in 2010 constant euros | Ministry of Finance and Public Office (Ministerio de Hacienda y Función Pública) 2004–2018 |
Source(s): Authors’ own creation
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