Scales measuring social presence or connectedness
| Scale | Authors | Constructs | Year validated | Number of Likert scale items | Chronback alpha | Number of citations | Modality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Instructor Social Presence Scale (ISP) | Pollard et al. | Social Behaviors Attitudes | 2014 | 10 | 0.93 | 113 | Online |
| Community of Inquiry – Social Presence (CoI) | Arbaugh et al. | Active Expression Open Communication Group Cohesion | 2008 | 9 | 0.91 | 1,526 | Online |
| Community of Inquiry – Teaching Presence (CoI) | Arbaugh et al. | Design and Organization Facilitation Direct Instruction | 2008 | 13 | 0.94 | 1,526 | Online |
| The instructor-student relationship scale (SIRS) | Creasy et al. | Connectedness Anxiety | 2009 | 36 | 0.89 | 126 | Not reported |
| Classroom Community Scale (CCS) | Rovai | Connectedness Learning | 2002 | 20 | 0.93 | 1,451 | Online |
| Online Student Connectedness Survey (OSCS) | Bollinger & Inan | Community Comfort Facilitation Interaction and Collaboration | 2012 | 25 | 0.98 | 282 | Online |
| Scale | Authors | Constructs | Year validated | Number of Likert scale items | Chronback alpha | Number of citations | Modality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Instructor Social Presence Scale (ISP) | Pollard | Social Behaviors | 2014 | 10 | 0.93 | 113 | Online |
| Community of Inquiry – Social Presence (CoI) | Arbaugh | Active Expression | 2008 | 9 | 0.91 | 1,526 | Online |
| Community of Inquiry – Teaching Presence (CoI) | Arbaugh | Design and Organization | 2008 | 13 | 0.94 | 1,526 | Online |
| The instructor-student relationship scale (SIRS) | Creasy | Connectedness | 2009 | 36 | 0.89 | 126 | Not reported |
| Classroom Community Scale (CCS) | Rovai | Connectedness | 2002 | 20 | 0.93 | 1,451 | Online |
| Online Student Connectedness Survey (OSCS) | Bollinger & Inan | Community | 2012 | 25 | 0.98 | 282 | Online |