Descriptive statistics
| Variable | China mean (n = 889) | China SD (n = 889) | State-led (excluding China) mean (n = 2803) | State-led (excluding China) SD (n = 2,803) | Family-led mean (n = 736) | Family-led SD (n = 736) | Other countries mean (n = 871) | Other countries SD (n = 871) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Geo dist weighted (km) | 8,601.75 | 3,478.78 | 5,610.50 | 4,430.83 | 4,861.55 | 3,483.17 | 5,263.63 | 4,113.23 |
| Host GDP (million US$) | 5,771,342.60 | 7,271,941.30 | 3,625,403.10 | 5,827,804.10 | 3,350,610.20 | 6,053,875.30 | 1,818,275.50 | 3,783,742.90 |
| Host GDP growth (%) | 2.50 | 2.52 | 3.58 | 3.67 | 3.36 | 3.22 | 3.31 | 3.55 |
| Host fuel exports | 11.35 | 14.11 | 12.26 | 15.79 | 12.50 | 16.11 | 14.83 | 22.00 |
| Host ore and metal exports | 6.10 | 9.28 | 6.70 | 9.43 | 10.60 | 16.79 | 9.73 | 14.21 |
| Host productivity | 88,799.19 | 33,158.61 | 63,457.24 | 39,054.92 | 60,336.46 | 35,521.58 | 55,844.40 | 36,967.18 |
| Host patents | 170,451.79 | 238,240.79 | 118,897.63 | 223,159.64 | 99,084.29 | 198,223.60 | 47,095.81 | 130,108.66 |
| Linguistic distance | 9.66 | 1.20 | 6.78 | 2.72 | 5.30 | 4.09 | 6.27 | 3.27 |
| Colony | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.22 | 0.42 | 0.07 | 0.25 | 0.19 | 0.39 |
| Polity2 | −7.00 | 0.00 | 6.25 | 3.06 | 7.90 | 0.49 | 7.57 | 3.98 |
| Financial structure | 27.74 | 5.15 | 61.64 | 20.07 | 45.92 | 9.53 | 59.19 | 19.15 |
| Home productivity | 22,577.16 | 5,827.20 | 31,936.45 | 17,785.54 | 35,352.14 | 8,399.44 | 49,359.04 | 11,183.62 |
| Rule of law_home | −0.36 | 0.12 | −0.19 | 0.50 | −0.37 | 0.19 | 0.29 | 0.52 |
| Variable | China mean ( | China | State-led (excluding China) mean ( | State-led (excluding China) | Family-led mean ( | Family-led | Other countries mean ( | Other countries |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Geo dist weighted (km) | 8,601.75 | 3,478.78 | 5,610.50 | 4,430.83 | 4,861.55 | 3,483.17 | 5,263.63 | 4,113.23 |
| Host | 5,771,342.60 | 7,271,941.30 | 3,625,403.10 | 5,827,804.10 | 3,350,610.20 | 6,053,875.30 | 1,818,275.50 | 3,783,742.90 |
| Host | 2.50 | 2.52 | 3.58 | 3.67 | 3.36 | 3.22 | 3.31 | 3.55 |
| Host fuel exports | 11.35 | 14.11 | 12.26 | 15.79 | 12.50 | 16.11 | 14.83 | 22.00 |
| Host ore and metal exports | 6.10 | 9.28 | 6.70 | 9.43 | 10.60 | 16.79 | 9.73 | 14.21 |
| Host productivity | 88,799.19 | 33,158.61 | 63,457.24 | 39,054.92 | 60,336.46 | 35,521.58 | 55,844.40 | 36,967.18 |
| Host patents | 170,451.79 | 238,240.79 | 118,897.63 | 223,159.64 | 99,084.29 | 198,223.60 | 47,095.81 | 130,108.66 |
| Linguistic distance | 9.66 | 1.20 | 6.78 | 2.72 | 5.30 | 4.09 | 6.27 | 3.27 |
| Colony | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.22 | 0.42 | 0.07 | 0.25 | 0.19 | 0.39 |
| Polity2 | −7.00 | 0.00 | 6.25 | 3.06 | 7.90 | 0.49 | 7.57 | 3.98 |
| Financial structure | 27.74 | 5.15 | 61.64 | 20.07 | 45.92 | 9.53 | 59.19 | 19.15 |
| Home productivity | 22,577.16 | 5,827.20 | 31,936.45 | 17,785.54 | 35,352.14 | 8,399.44 | 49,359.04 | 11,183.62 |
| Rule of law_home | −0.36 | 0.12 | −0.19 | 0.50 | −0.37 | 0.19 | 0.29 | 0.52 |
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