Table 1 Soft and hard QM practices in... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

Soft and hard QM practices in the present study

Variable	Supporting references in HE field
Soft QM practices
Top management support: Directors' long-term commitment to QM philosophy	Da Rosa et al. (2003); Calvo -Mora et al. (2005); Sakthivel (2007); Badri et al. (2006); Sahney et al. (2006);Venkatraman (2007); Bayraktar et al.,2008; Burli et al.,2012;Mehta et al.,2014 ; Sadeh and Garkaz (2015); Aminbeidokhti et al. (2016); Psomas and Antony (2017)
Strategic planning: The formulation and revision of the vision, mission, policies and objectives considering needs and expectations of different stakeholders	Da Rosa et al. (2003); Calvo-mora et al., 2005; Sahney et al. (2006); Badri et al.,2006; Burli et al.,2012; Psomas and Antony (2017)
People management: Recognize staff performance on quality; encourage team working; provide training; involve staff in quality decision	Calvo-Mora et al. (2005); Venkatraman (2007); Burli et al. (2012); Mehta et al. (2014); Sadeh and Garkaz (2015); Aminbeidokhti et al. (2016); Psomas and Antony (2017)
Supplier management: Working closely and cooperatively with suppliers	Da Rosa et al. (2003); Calvo-Mora et al. (2005); Venkatraman (2007); Psomas and Antony (2017)
Student focus: Determining students' needs and expectations, and then meeting them	Badri et al.,2006; Bayraktar et al.,2008; Sayeda et al.,2010; Aminbeidokhti et al. (2016); Psomas and Antony (2017)
Hard QM practices
Process management: It involves the administrative, educational and research process	Calvo-mora et al., 2005; Badri et al. (2006); Venkatraman (2007); Bayraktar et al.,2008; Sayeda et al.,2010; Burli et al. (2012); Sadeh and Garkaz (2015); Psomas and Antony (2017)
Information and analysis: Collecting timely data on quality issues to be used by directors and staff for quality improvement	Badri et al.,2006;Mehta et al.,2014; Venkatraman (2007); Bayraktar et al. (2008);Sayeda et al.,2010; Aminbeidokhti et al. (2016); Psomas and Antony (2017)
Continuous improvement: The regular measurement, evaluation and improvement of administrative and academic processes as well as facilities	Sakthivel (2007);Sayeda et al.,2010; Mehta et al.,2014; Aminbeidokhti et al. (2016); Psomas and Antony (2017)
Program design: The regular review and update of academic programs considering stakeholders' needs and the technological advances	Bayraktar et al.,2008, 2013; Asif et al. (2013)

Variable	Supporting references in HE field
Soft QM practices
Top management support: Directors' long-term commitment to QM philosophy	Da Rosa et al. (2003); Calvo -Mora et al. (2005); Sakthivel (2007); Badri et al. (2006); Sahney et al. (2006);Venkatraman (2007); Bayraktar et al.,2008; Burli et al.,2012;Mehta et al.,2014 ; Sadeh and Garkaz (2015); Aminbeidokhti et al. (2016); Psomas and Antony (2017)
Strategic planning: The formulation and revision of the vision, mission, policies and objectives considering needs and expectations of different stakeholders	Da Rosa et al. (2003); Calvo-mora et al., 2005; Sahney et al. (2006); Badri et al.,2006; Burli et al.,2012; Psomas and Antony (2017)
People management: Recognize staff performance on quality; encourage team working; provide training; involve staff in quality decision	Calvo-Mora et al. (2005); Venkatraman (2007); Burli et al. (2012); Mehta et al. (2014); Sadeh and Garkaz (2015); Aminbeidokhti et al. (2016); Psomas and Antony (2017)
Supplier management: Working closely and cooperatively with suppliers	Da Rosa et al. (2003); Calvo-Mora et al. (2005); Venkatraman (2007); Psomas and Antony (2017)
Student focus: Determining students' needs and expectations, and then meeting them	Badri et al.,2006; Bayraktar et al.,2008; Sayeda et al.,2010; Aminbeidokhti et al. (2016); Psomas and Antony (2017)
Hard QM practices
Process management: It involves the administrative, educational and research process	Calvo-mora et al., 2005; Badri et al. (2006); Venkatraman (2007); Bayraktar et al.,2008; Sayeda et al.,2010; Burli et al. (2012); Sadeh and Garkaz (2015); Psomas and Antony (2017)
Information and analysis: Collecting timely data on quality issues to be used by directors and staff for quality improvement	Badri et al.,2006;Mehta et al.,2014; Venkatraman (2007); Bayraktar et al. (2008);Sayeda et al.,2010; Aminbeidokhti et al. (2016); Psomas and Antony (2017)
Continuous improvement: The regular measurement, evaluation and improvement of administrative and academic processes as well as facilities	Sakthivel (2007);Sayeda et al.,2010; Mehta et al.,2014; Aminbeidokhti et al. (2016); Psomas and Antony (2017)
Program design: The regular review and update of academic programs considering stakeholders' needs and the technological advances	Bayraktar et al.,2008, 2013; Asif et al. (2013)