| Organisational inefficiency | A7: High staff turnover in humanitarian organisations |
| A10: Differing goals, motivations and interests among NGO and business stakeholders; ineffective partner communication |
| A13: Impacts of unclear regulatory guidelines |
| A30: Lack of coordination among humanitarian operation actors |
| A39: Lack of transparency in humanitarian logistics |
| A50: Unclear regulations regarding assistive devices |
| A51: Resistance to adopting new technologies or methods |
| A60: African underrepresentation limits adaptation of health strategies to local realities |
| A62: Challenges posed by bureaucratic barriers |
| Resource limitation | A12: High cost and production delays for assistive products |
| A35: Challenging to obtain high-quality data for AI model training |
| A38: Limited economic incentives |
| A45: Need for training teachers and caregivers in personalised application |
| A50: Limited availability of material and human resources |
| A51: Project inability because of financial restrictions |
| A54: Rigidity in organisational structures |
| A56: Inadequate equipment limits innovation in assistive devices |
| A59: Financial limitations in AT |
| Insufficiency of research and technical knowledge | A6: Limited exchange of ideas between themes and approaches |
| A17: Challenges because of a lack of detailed technical information |
| A21: Complexity in operating AT |
| A22: Restricted access to scientific literature |
| A25: Challenges arising from insufficient technological advancements in research |
| A27: User resistance to new tools/methods because of lack of instruction and training |
| A37: Research expenditures biased toward basic and clinical research |
| A49: Scarcity of research on practical Primary Health Care (PHC) disaster preparedness |
| A50: Lack of formal training in 3D printing |
| A57: Lack of recognition of family dynamics and collective needs |
| Infrastructure challenges | A4: Dependence on network infrastructure and connectivity |
| A5: Technology limitations because of cost |
| A6: Challenges in quality, capacity and delivery times |
| A15: Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) lack structure and knowledge despite their willingness to help |
| A32: Problems with audio quality and connection difficulties |
| A38: Difficulty in considering multiple perspectives |
| A40: High costs of satellite data |
| A47: Information Technology (IT) infrastructure failure during disasters |
| A79: Competition for limited resources |
| A83: Lack of on-the-ground training and localised resources hinders local capacity development/sustenance |
| A84: Absence of strong institutional structures |
| Sociocultural factors | A1: Collaboration challenges because of communication issues |
| A53: Misinformation and rumours |
| A54: Power inequalities and social exclusion |
| A61: Sociocultural norms hinder the participation of certain groups |
| A87: Beliefs that care should be performed manually |
| Technological or research limitations | A4: Challenges in storing and transmitting sensitive health data |
| A9: Few projects are validated by people with disabilities |
| A13: Concerns regarding data privacy and security |
| A18: Conflicting expert opinions can lead to inconsistent results |
| A34: Weak, ambiguous relationship between aid flows and indicator performance |
| A40: Unstable scientific education policies and uncoordinated national/regional scientific activities |
| A42: Complex technologies |
| A44: Lack of incentives for developing/testing new technologies in low-income environments |
| A45: Wireless data transfer and health data security challenges |
| A46: Concerns about privacy, security and data bias |
| A56: End-user acceptance of new technologies |
| A71: Privacy intrusion |
| A78: Ethical and legal concerns in collecting and using personal information |
| A88: Ethical issues, including algorithmic bias and privacy concerns |
| Limited end-user participation | A11: Resistance to stakeholder integration |
| A19: Complex solution development and testing processes |
| A23: Technical problems hindering system setup and use by non-specialised caregivers |
| A33: Late integration of users into the design process |
| A41: Assistive devices solely focused on technology and treatment |
| A61: Difficulties including diverse affected subgroups in accountability practices |
| A64: Complexity of design software and 3D printer operation |
| A81: Importance of including more end-users in evaluation tools |