Table 2

Descriptive statistics of regional sustainability indicators in Italy (mean ± SD), highlighting best and worst performers

CodeIndicator (units of measurement)Average ± std. dev.Best regionWorst region
Environmental dimension
C1Impact of tourism on potable water consumption (litres per inhabitant)6.25 ± 8.82MoliseTrentino-South Tyrol
C2Percentage of treated wastewater (%)94.74 ± 7.43PiedmontSicily
C3Impact of tourism on waste (kg per inhabitant)20.82 ± 18.13MoliseAosta Valley
C4Percentage of separately collected waste (%)66.38 ± 7.92VenetoCalabria
C5Road transport PM2.5 emissions (tons)6.42 ± 3.82MoliseTuscany
C6Electricity from renewable sources (%)50.54 ± 48.23Aosta ValleyLombardy
C7Consecutive dry days (days)27.38 ± 7.17VenetoSicily
C8Heating degree days (°C total)1841.14 ± 760.00SardiniaAosta Valley
C9Cooling degree days (°C total)342.59 ± 149.10Aosta ValleySardinia
C10Protected areas (%)23.20 ± 6.51AbruzzoEmilia-Romagna
C11Urban green space (m2 per inhabitant)64.44 ± 90.34VenetoApulia
C12Excellent bathing water (%)89.62 ± 10.72Trentino-South TyrolPiedmont
C13Environmental labels and schemes (number)3.85 ± 4.49Trentino-South TyrolFriuli Venezia Giulia
C14Public concern over climate change (%)70.50 ± 2.00Trentino-South TyrolApulia
C15Public concern over biodiversity loss (%)23.70 ± 2.44SardiniaApulia
C16Public concern over landscape degradation (%)11.93 ± 2.14Friuli Venezia GiuliaMolise
C17Perception of neighbourhood degradation (%)5.26 ± 2.55Aosta ValleyLazio
Economic dimension
C18Tourism diversity (index)0.60 ± 0.23VenetoAosta Valley
C19Share of foreign tourists (%)38.08 ± 17.58MoliseVeneto
C20Tourism seasonality (index)0.50 ± 0.11LazioCalabria
C21Occupancy rate (%)47.39 ± 9.91LazioApulia
C22Impact of seasonal employment (%)20.90 ± 14.14LombardyTrentino-South Tyrol
C23Net bed-places occupancy (%)47.42 ± 9.98LazioApulia
C24Tourist accommodation density (per km2)19.44 ± 19.88MoliseFriuli Venezia Giulia
C25Average expenditure of foreign tourists (euros)552.81 ± 153.90SardiniaFriuli Venezia Giulia
C26Average expenditure of domestic tourists (euros)361.37 ± 111.38SardiniaLazio
C27Tourism revenue per resident (euros per inhabitant)12.49 ± 9.25Trentino-South TyrolMolise
C28Added value of tourism enterprises (index)5.33 ± 3.19LazioTrentino-South Tyrol
C29Tourism employees' average income (euros)14667.22 ± 3032.30Trentino-South TyrolMolise
C30Specialisation index of employees (index)1.03 ± 0.29Aosta ValleyLombardy
C31Share of employees in tourism enterprises (%)0.10 ± 0.03Aosta ValleyPiedmont
C32Share of public spending on tourism (%)0.77 ± 0.53Trentino-South TyrolCalabria
Social dimension
C33Excursionists per resident (per inhabitant)0.74 ± 0.48SicilyVeneto
C34Tourists per resident (per inhabitant)2.99 ± 3.12MoliseTrentino-South Tyrol
C35Tourism intensity (accommodations, presences per inhabitant)10.16 ± 11.42MoliseTrentino-South Tyrol
C36Tourism intensity (non-commercial lodging, presences per inhabitant)3.69 ± 6.42MarcheSicily
C37Entertainment satisfaction (score)7.43 ± 0.46AbruzzoLiguria
C38Food services satisfaction (score)8.31 ± 0.26Trentino-South TyrolLiguria
C39Local services satisfaction (score)7.70 ± 0.45Trentino-South TyrolMolise
C40Average length of stay (nights per tourist)3.40 ± 0.62CalabriaTrentino-South Tyrol
C41Presence of tourists from distant origins (%)7.87 ± 6.67LazioCalabria
C42Cultural assets density (per 100 km2)18.24 ± 10.25BasilicataFriuli Venezia Giulia
C43Impact of female employment (%)0.52 ± 0.06Emilia-RomagnaSicily
C44Walking alone at night (%)66.27 ± 7.17Aosta ValleyLazio
C45Pickpocketing (per 1,000 inhabitants)3.34 ± 3.29Aosta ValleyLazio
C46Robberies (per 1,000 inhabitants)0.85 ± 0.53BasilicataTuscany
C47Tourism demand recovery (index)1.03 ± 0.08LazioCalabria
Source(s): Authors' own work

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