Table 4 EU imports of soy and corn....

Table 4

EU imports of soy and corn. Panel A: baseline specification. Panel B: restricted specification without ${MR L}_{i j p a t, quality}$

	Panel A			Panel B
Variables	Pr (⁠ $\Pr_{i j t}^{p}) > 0$	PPML (⁠ ${I m}_{i j t}^{p})$	OLS (⁠ $\ln P_{i j t}^{p})$	Pr (⁠ $\Pr_{i j t}^{p}) > 0$	PPML (⁠ ${I m}_{i j t}^{p})$	OLS (⁠ $\ln P_{i j t}^{p})$
${M R L}_{C o d e x, i p a t}$	0.137***	1.946***	−0.649**	0.144***	2.198***	−0.509*
${M R L}_{C o d e x, i p a t}$	(0.033)	(0.120)	(0.274)	(0.040)	(0.348)	(0.261)
${M R L}_{i j p a t, q u a l i t y}$	0.014	0.750	0.336	–	–	–
${M R L}_{i j p a t, q u a l i t y}$	(0.041)	(0.696)	(0.361)	–	–	–
${M R L}_{i j p a t, c o s t s}$	−0.076***	−2.736***	0.533***	−0.074***	−2.652***	0.567***
${M R L}_{i j p a t, c o s t s}$	(0.013)	(0.091)	(0.094)	(0.014)	(0.120)	(0.102)
$\log (1 + {t a r i f f}_{i j p t})$	−0.218***	−2.139***	0.577***	−0.218***	−2.134***	0.573***
$\log (1 + {t a r i f f}_{i j p t})$	(0.023)	(0.272)	(0.131)	(0.023)	(0.273)	(0.134)
$c o n s t a n t$	0.042	10.706***	−6.948***	0.048	8.735***	−6.747***
$c o n s t a n t$	(0.131)	(1.466)	(0.431)	(0.046)	(0.438)	(0.326)
N	4,200	3,380	800	4,200	3,380	800
R²	0.173	0.485	0.199	0.174	0.483	0.198
FE	Yes^a	Yes^a	Yes^a	Yes^a	Yes^a	Yes^a
RESET p-value	–	0.432	–		0.436
H₀: net effect of the importer's MRL is non-significant^b
H₀: $β_{1} + β_{2} + β_{3} = 0$
P-value		0.957			0.285

	Panel A			Panel B
Variables	Pr ( $\Pr_{i j t}^{p}) > 0$	PPML ( ${I m}_{i j t}^{p})$	OLS ( $\ln P_{i j t}^{p})$	Pr ( $\Pr_{i j t}^{p}) > 0$	PPML ( ${I m}_{i j t}^{p})$	OLS ( $\ln P_{i j t}^{p})$
${M R L}_{C o d e x, i p a t}$	0.137***	1.946***	−0.649**	0.144***	2.198***	−0.509*
${M R L}_{C o d e x, i p a t}$	(0.033)	(0.120)	(0.274)	(0.040)	(0.348)	(0.261)
${M R L}_{i j p a t, q u a l i t y}$	0.014	0.750	0.336	–	–	–
${M R L}_{i j p a t, q u a l i t y}$	(0.041)	(0.696)	(0.361)	–	–	–
${M R L}_{i j p a t, c o s t s}$	−0.076***	−2.736***	0.533***	−0.074***	−2.652***	0.567***
${M R L}_{i j p a t, c o s t s}$	(0.013)	(0.091)	(0.094)	(0.014)	(0.120)	(0.102)
$\log (1 + {t a r i f f}_{i j p t})$	−0.218***	−2.139***	0.577***	−0.218***	−2.134***	0.573***
$\log (1 + {t a r i f f}_{i j p t})$	(0.023)	(0.272)	(0.131)	(0.023)	(0.273)	(0.134)
$c o n s t a n t$	0.042	10.706***	−6.948***	0.048	8.735***	−6.747***
$c o n s t a n t$	(0.131)	(1.466)	(0.431)	(0.046)	(0.438)	(0.326)
N	4,200	3,380	800	4,200	3,380	800
R²	0.173	0.485	0.199	0.174	0.483	0.198
FE	Yes^a	Yes^a	Yes^a	Yes^a	Yes^a	Yes^a
RESET p-value	–	0.432	–		0.436
H₀: net effect of the importer's MRL is non-significant^b
H₀: $β_{1} + β_{2} + β_{3} = 0$
P-value		0.957			0.285

Note(s): Standard errors (in parentheses) are cluster-robust at country-pair level. *p < 0.10. **p < 0.05. ***p < 0.01

Fixed effects: importer-year, exporter-year, country-pair and product

The theoretical proposal for the net effect is presented in Appendix D

Source(s): Authors' elaboration

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