Table 7. Summary of causal feedback...

Table 7.

Summary of causal feedback loops in WLC estimation

Loop ID	Loop name	Loop variables	Type	Main driver	Main consequence
R1	Seismic investment & longevity	Regional Conditions → Seismic Resistance → Construction Costs → Building Life → Regional Conditions	Reinforcing	Regional conditions	Increased investment in durable, long-life buildings
R2	Seismic operational savings	Regional conditions → Seismic resistance → Maintenance frequency → Operational costs	Reinforcing	Seismic resistance	Lower maintenance and operating costs
R3	Energy efficiency loop	Energy measures → Equipment efficiency → Operation/renewal cost → Maintenance frequency → Maintenance cost	Reinforcing	Energy saving measures	Reduced lifecycle costs and resource use
R4	Green certification feedback	Certification cost → Renewable resources used → Carbon sequestration → Environmental evaluation	Reinforcing	Certification efforts	Increased sustainability and justification of green costs
R5	Resilience & maintenance reduction	Seismic resistance → Hazard resilience → Maintenance frequency → Maintenance cost	Reinforcing	Seismic resistance	Reduced damage and long-term maintenance costs
R6	Durable materials demand cycle	Demand & supply → Material quality → Material durability → Construction quality → Demand & supply	Reinforcing	Market demand	Higher construction quality and lifecycle performance
R7	Smart tech efficiency loop	Technology → Automation/Smart Systems → Maintenance Tech → Equipment efficiency → Technology	Reinforcing	Technology adoption	Higher system efficiency and predictive maintenance
R8	Occupancy behaviour feedback	Occupant behaviour → Occupancy hours → Maintenance tech → Maintenance frequency → Occupant behaviour	Reinforcing	Occupant awareness	Reduced wear, costs, and more sustainable user practices
R9	Regional seismic quality loop	Region → Seismic resistance → Construction quality → Resilience → Region	Reinforcing	Regional risk profile	Safer buildings aligned with local hazard conditions
R10	Regional material durability	Region → Material durability → Construction technology → Building life → Maintenance frequency	Reinforcing	Climate/Geographic conditions	Reduced frequency of maintenance
R11	Risk mitigation feedback	Region → Seismic resistance → Construction quality → Risk mitigation	Reinforcing	Seismic risk	Stronger construction and reduced seismic vulnerability
B1	Seismic cost-value loop	Seismic resistance → Construction cost → Maintenance cost → Building life → Seismic resistance	Balancing	Seismic design standards	Long-term savings balance high initial costs
B2	Upfront vs lifespan cost	Regional conditions → Seismic resistance → Building life → Upfront acquisition cost	Balancing	Regional risk	Justifies high acquisition cost via extended lifespan
B3	Resilience & environmental impact	Seismic resistance → Hazard resilience → Environmental impact → Renewal cycles	Balancing	Seismic resilience	Reduces lifecycle environmental impact
B4	Cost-benefit trade-off loop	Cost vs benefit → Upfront cost → Construction cost → Operational/Renewal cost → Cost vs benefit	Balancing	Cost-efficiency consideration	Aligns high upfront cost with long-term efficiency gains
B5	Inflation impact loop	Inflation → Construction/Maintenance cost → Nominal cost → Real cost → Inflation	Balancing	Inflation	Adjusts financial decisions based on real vs nominal value
B6	Environmental compliance feedback	Legislative/Economic changes → Environmental cost → Evaluation → Externalities → Policy changes	Balancing	Regulatory environment	Adapts policies to manage unintended environmental impacts
B7	Durability investment loop	Material durability → Maintenance cost → Replacement frequency → Material quality → Material durability	Balancing	Material quality	Encourages durable material use for lifecycle cost stability
B8	Insurance & resilience loop	Hazard resilience → Insurance/Risk mitigation → Unforeseen events → Hazard resilience	Balancing	Natural hazard exposure	Improves risk planning through resilient design
B9	Tech depreciation cycle	Technology → Depreciation → Efficiency → Operational/Renewal cost → Technology	Balancing	Tech lifecycle	Maintains performance through reinvestment
B10	Occupancy-cost adjustment	Occupancy type → Occupant behaviour → Maintenance cost → Operational cost → Occupancy type	Balancing	Occupant behaviour	Aligns occupancy patterns with cost-efficient usage
B11	Resilience-cost feedback	Hazard resilience → Insurance/Risk → Construction cost → Hazard resilience	Balancing	Risk management	Reinforces resilient design by reducing financial exposure
B12	Eco-Cost reduction loop	Environmental cost → Greenstar rating → Renewable use → Carbon sequestration → Environmental cost	Balancing	Green certification systems	Drives down environmental costs through sustainable choices

Loop ID	Loop name	Loop variables	Type	Main driver	Main consequence
R1	Seismic investment & longevity	Regional Conditions → Seismic Resistance → Construction Costs → Building Life → Regional Conditions	Reinforcing	Regional conditions	Increased investment in durable, long-life buildings
R2	Seismic operational savings	Regional conditions → Seismic resistance → Maintenance frequency → Operational costs	Reinforcing	Seismic resistance	Lower maintenance and operating costs
R3	Energy efficiency loop	Energy measures → Equipment efficiency → Operation/renewal cost → Maintenance frequency → Maintenance cost	Reinforcing	Energy saving measures	Reduced lifecycle costs and resource use
R4	Green certification feedback	Certification cost → Renewable resources used → Carbon sequestration → Environmental evaluation	Reinforcing	Certification efforts	Increased sustainability and justification of green costs
R5	Resilience & maintenance reduction	Seismic resistance → Hazard resilience → Maintenance frequency → Maintenance cost	Reinforcing	Seismic resistance	Reduced damage and long-term maintenance costs
R6	Durable materials demand cycle	Demand & supply → Material quality → Material durability → Construction quality → Demand & supply	Reinforcing	Market demand	Higher construction quality and lifecycle performance
R7	Smart tech efficiency loop	Technology → Automation/Smart Systems → Maintenance Tech → Equipment efficiency → Technology	Reinforcing	Technology adoption	Higher system efficiency and predictive maintenance
R8	Occupancy behaviour feedback	Occupant behaviour → Occupancy hours → Maintenance tech → Maintenance frequency → Occupant behaviour	Reinforcing	Occupant awareness	Reduced wear, costs, and more sustainable user practices
R9	Regional seismic quality loop	Region → Seismic resistance → Construction quality → Resilience → Region	Reinforcing	Regional risk profile	Safer buildings aligned with local hazard conditions
R10	Regional material durability	Region → Material durability → Construction technology → Building life → Maintenance frequency	Reinforcing	Climate/Geographic conditions	Reduced frequency of maintenance
R11	Risk mitigation feedback	Region → Seismic resistance → Construction quality → Risk mitigation	Reinforcing	Seismic risk	Stronger construction and reduced seismic vulnerability
B1	Seismic cost-value loop	Seismic resistance → Construction cost → Maintenance cost → Building life → Seismic resistance	Balancing	Seismic design standards	Long-term savings balance high initial costs
B2	Upfront vs lifespan cost	Regional conditions → Seismic resistance → Building life → Upfront acquisition cost	Balancing	Regional risk	Justifies high acquisition cost via extended lifespan
B3	Resilience & environmental impact	Seismic resistance → Hazard resilience → Environmental impact → Renewal cycles	Balancing	Seismic resilience	Reduces lifecycle environmental impact
B4	Cost-benefit trade-off loop	Cost vs benefit → Upfront cost → Construction cost → Operational/Renewal cost → Cost vs benefit	Balancing	Cost-efficiency consideration	Aligns high upfront cost with long-term efficiency gains
B5	Inflation impact loop	Inflation → Construction/Maintenance cost → Nominal cost → Real cost → Inflation	Balancing	Inflation	Adjusts financial decisions based on real vs nominal value
B6	Environmental compliance feedback	Legislative/Economic changes → Environmental cost → Evaluation → Externalities → Policy changes	Balancing	Regulatory environment	Adapts policies to manage unintended environmental impacts
B7	Durability investment loop	Material durability → Maintenance cost → Replacement frequency → Material quality → Material durability	Balancing	Material quality	Encourages durable material use for lifecycle cost stability
B8	Insurance & resilience loop	Hazard resilience → Insurance/Risk mitigation → Unforeseen events → Hazard resilience	Balancing	Natural hazard exposure	Improves risk planning through resilient design
B9	Tech depreciation cycle	Technology → Depreciation → Efficiency → Operational/Renewal cost → Technology	Balancing	Tech lifecycle	Maintains performance through reinvestment
B10	Occupancy-cost adjustment	Occupancy type → Occupant behaviour → Maintenance cost → Operational cost → Occupancy type	Balancing	Occupant behaviour	Aligns occupancy patterns with cost-efficient usage
B11	Resilience-cost feedback	Hazard resilience → Insurance/Risk → Construction cost → Hazard resilience	Balancing	Risk management	Reinforces resilient design by reducing financial exposure
B12	Eco-Cost reduction loop	Environmental cost → Greenstar rating → Renewable use → Carbon sequestration → Environmental cost	Balancing	Green certification systems	Drives down environmental costs through sustainable choices

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