Table 3.

Mechanisms and strategies to address ethical issues in co-creation

Ethical challengeHow PSOs addressed the ethical challengesPilot
(1) Stakeholder inclusionConduct telephone interviews to collect dataHold in-person workshop to collect data Continuous provision of feedback from PSO to participantsAustria
Allow service-users to provide feedback on the content/chatbot answersCroatia 
(2) TrustDevelop activities that increase trust during participationMalta
Service is to provide accurate and correct answersCroatia
Support PSOs develop a mindset for collaborationMalta
(3) PrivacyLimit who has access to service-users’ conversations Anonymise user conversations/content during service use Verify accuracy of responses/content provided to service-users by comparing multiple sources Check all given information by comparison across multiple websitesCroatia 
(4) Specific needsLearn about the target groups’ specific needsGreece

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