Notes(s): Table 2 further validates satisfactory discriminant validity by comparing the square root of the AVE for each construct with the correlations between constructs. As illustrated in Table 2, the square root values of AVE for each construct exceed the correlations between constructs, affirming robust discriminant validity between each pair of constructs. Additionally, to mitigate common method bias, Harman’s single-factor method was employed. Unrotated principal component factor analysis elucidates 35.05 % of the variance (below 50%), indicating an absence of common method bias (Mackenzie and Podsakoff, 2012). Additionally, Table 3 presents the values of heterotrait-monotrait ratio (HTMT): these are less than 1 (Wang et al., 2022), further reinforcing the good discriminant validity of the proposed research model