Panel unit root test
| Variable | Individual intercept @ I(0) | Individual intercept @ I(I) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LLC | IPS | ADF | PP | LLC | IPS | ADF | PP | Status | |
| Pre-GFC | |||||||||
| LGDPG | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | I(0) |
| LSUK | 0.0012** | 0.3847 | 0.5477 | 0.7278 | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | I(0) |
| LGFCF | 0.5808 | 1.0000 | 0.9999 | 0.10000 | 0.0262** | 0.1376 | 0.1053 | 0.0049** | I(1) |
| LGGFE | 0.0071** | 0.7474 | 0.8729 | 0.0005** | 0.0179 | 0.0653 | 0.1257 | 0.0097** | I(0) |
| LINF | 0.0031** | 0.0056** | 0.0007** | 0.0911 | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | 0.0310** | I(0) |
| LTOPN | 0.2421 | 0.9918 | 0.9959 | 0.9549 | 0.0848 | 0.0366** | 0.0939 | 0.0106** | I(I) |
| LFDI | 0.5223 | 0.5715 | 0.5476 | 0.9416 | 0.7480 | 0.1703 | 0.3551 | 0.0376** | I(1) |
| During-GFC | |||||||||
| LGDPG | 0.7480 | 0.9885 | 0.9938 | 0.9979 | 0.0013** | 0.0281** | 0.0763 | 0.0745 | I(I) |
| LSUK | 0.0000** | 0.0003** | 0.0014** | 0.0136** | 0.1071 | 0.3852 | 0.6230 | 0.5573 | I(0) |
| LGFCF | 0.0192** | 0.3727 | 0.4767 | 0.5157 | 0.0510** | 0.2097 | 0.3436 | 0.3206 | I(0) |
| LGGFE | 0.0088** | 0.9416 | 0.9035 | 0.2442 | 0.2977 | 0.3789 | 0.4701 | 0.4808 | I(0) |
| LINF | 0.7783 | 0.8501 | 0.8723 | 0.9904 | 0.0156** | 0.3050 | 0.4890 | 0.4075 | I(I) |
| LTOPN | 0.0559** | 0.5121 | 0.7273 | 0.8202 | 0.4730 | 0.6894 | 0.9029 | 0.4899 | I(0) |
| LFDI | 0.4254 | 0.4915 | 0.4686 | 0.3219 | 0.0401** | 0.2529 | 0.1578 | 0.0003** | I(I) |
| Post-GFC | |||||||||
| LGDPG | 0.0109** | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | 0.0165** | 0.2396 | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | I(0) |
| LSUK | 0.0142** | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | 0.0067** | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | I(0) |
| LGFCF | 0.0008** | 0.2088 | 0.3851 | 0.2807 | 0.6902 | 0.0004** | 0.0020** | 0.0000** | I(0) |
| LGGFE | 0.0000** | 0.0144** | 0.0238** | 0.0100** | 0.9230 | 0.0002** | 0.0004** | 0.0000** | I(0) |
| LINF | 0.4969 | 0.0121** | 0.0231** | 0.2741 | 0.9963 | 0.0023** | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | I(0) |
| LTOPN | 0.6813 | 0.5218 | 0.1846 | 0.0446** | 0.7325 | 0.0063** | 0.0153** | 0.0000** | I(0) |
| LFDI | 0.0024** | 0.0017** | 0.0036** | 0.2909 | 0.4899 | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | I(0) |
| Full sample | |||||||||
| LGDPG | 0.0193** | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | 0.0769 | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | I(0) |
| LSUK | 0.0000** | 0.0002** | 0.0011** | 0.0107** | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | I(0) |
| LGFCF | 0.0009** | 0.3198 | 0.4430 | 0.1665 | 0.1586 | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | I(0) |
| LGGFE | 0.0000** | 0.1127 | 0.1728 | 0.0010** | 0.1025 | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | I(0) |
| LINF | 0.1517 | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | 0.0004** | 0.7388 | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | I(0) |
| LTOPN | 0.0078** | 0.5371 | 0.6148 | 0.9329 | 0.7377 | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | I(0) |
| LFDI | 0.0635 | 0.0007** | 0.0014** | 0.0752 | 0.0381** | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | I(0) |
| DUMMY GFC | 0.5251 | 0.0283** | 0.1211 | 0.0878 | – | – | – | – | I(0) |
| Variable | Individual intercept @ I(0) | Individual intercept @ I(I) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LLC | IPS | ADF | PP | LLC | IPS | ADF | PP | Status | |
| 0.0000** | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | ||
| 0.0012** | 0.3847 | 0.5477 | 0.7278 | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | ||
| 0.5808 | 1.0000 | 0.9999 | 0.10000 | 0.0262** | 0.1376 | 0.1053 | 0.0049** | ||
| 0.0071** | 0.7474 | 0.8729 | 0.0005** | 0.0179 | 0.0653 | 0.1257 | 0.0097** | ||
| 0.0031** | 0.0056** | 0.0007** | 0.0911 | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | 0.0310** | ||
| 0.2421 | 0.9918 | 0.9959 | 0.9549 | 0.0848 | 0.0366** | 0.0939 | 0.0106** | ||
| 0.5223 | 0.5715 | 0.5476 | 0.9416 | 0.7480 | 0.1703 | 0.3551 | 0.0376** | ||
| 0.7480 | 0.9885 | 0.9938 | 0.9979 | 0.0013** | 0.0281** | 0.0763 | 0.0745 | ||
| 0.0000** | 0.0003** | 0.0014** | 0.0136** | 0.1071 | 0.3852 | 0.6230 | 0.5573 | ||
| 0.0192** | 0.3727 | 0.4767 | 0.5157 | 0.0510** | 0.2097 | 0.3436 | 0.3206 | ||
| 0.0088** | 0.9416 | 0.9035 | 0.2442 | 0.2977 | 0.3789 | 0.4701 | 0.4808 | ||
| 0.7783 | 0.8501 | 0.8723 | 0.9904 | 0.0156** | 0.3050 | 0.4890 | 0.4075 | ||
| 0.0559** | 0.5121 | 0.7273 | 0.8202 | 0.4730 | 0.6894 | 0.9029 | 0.4899 | ||
| 0.4254 | 0.4915 | 0.4686 | 0.3219 | 0.0401** | 0.2529 | 0.1578 | 0.0003** | ||
| 0.0109** | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | 0.0165** | 0.2396 | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | ||
| 0.0142** | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | 0.0067** | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | ||
| 0.0008** | 0.2088 | 0.3851 | 0.2807 | 0.6902 | 0.0004** | 0.0020** | 0.0000** | ||
| 0.0000** | 0.0144** | 0.0238** | 0.0100** | 0.9230 | 0.0002** | 0.0004** | 0.0000** | ||
| 0.4969 | 0.0121** | 0.0231** | 0.2741 | 0.9963 | 0.0023** | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | ||
| 0.6813 | 0.5218 | 0.1846 | 0.0446** | 0.7325 | 0.0063** | 0.0153** | 0.0000** | ||
| 0.0024** | 0.0017** | 0.0036** | 0.2909 | 0.4899 | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | ||
| 0.0193** | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | 0.0769 | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | ||
| 0.0000** | 0.0002** | 0.0011** | 0.0107** | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | ||
| 0.0009** | 0.3198 | 0.4430 | 0.1665 | 0.1586 | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | ||
| 0.0000** | 0.1127 | 0.1728 | 0.0010** | 0.1025 | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | ||
| 0.1517 | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | 0.0004** | 0.7388 | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | ||
| 0.0078** | 0.5371 | 0.6148 | 0.9329 | 0.7377 | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | ||
| 0.0635 | 0.0007** | 0.0014** | 0.0752 | 0.0381** | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | 0.0000** | ||
| 0.5251 | 0.0283** | 0.1211 | 0.0878 | – | – | – | – | ||
Note(s): The table reports panel unit root test outcomes (LLC, IPS, ADF, PP) for all variables across pre-, during- and post-GFC periods, as well as the full sample, at both levels I(0) and first differences I(1) at the 5% level of significance, with the Status column showing the inferred integration order
Sharing content requires targeting cookies to be enabled. Please update your cookie preferences to use this feature.