Table 3

Panel unit root test

VariableIndividual intercept @ I(0)Individual intercept @ I(I)
LLCIPSADFPPLLCIPSADFPPStatus
Pre-GFC
LGDPG0.0000**0.0000**0.0000**0.0000**0.0000**0.0000**0.0000**0.0000**I(0)
LSUK0.0012**0.38470.54770.72780.0000**0.0000**0.0000**0.0000**I(0)
LGFCF0.58081.00000.99990.100000.0262**0.13760.10530.0049**I(1)
LGGFE0.0071**0.74740.87290.0005**0.01790.06530.12570.0097**I(0)
LINF0.0031**0.0056**0.0007**0.09110.0000**0.0000**0.0000**0.0310**I(0)
LTOPN0.24210.99180.99590.95490.08480.0366**0.09390.0106**I(I)
LFDI0.52230.57150.54760.94160.74800.17030.35510.0376**I(1)
During-GFC
LGDPG0.74800.98850.99380.99790.0013**0.0281**0.07630.0745I(I)
LSUK0.0000**0.0003**0.0014**0.0136**0.10710.38520.62300.5573I(0)
LGFCF0.0192**0.37270.47670.51570.0510**0.20970.34360.3206I(0)
LGGFE0.0088**0.94160.90350.24420.29770.37890.47010.4808I(0)
LINF0.77830.85010.87230.99040.0156**0.30500.48900.4075I(I)
LTOPN0.0559**0.51210.72730.82020.47300.68940.90290.4899I(0)
LFDI0.42540.49150.46860.32190.0401**0.25290.15780.0003**I(I)
Post-GFC
LGDPG0.0109**0.0000**0.0000**0.0165**0.23960.0000**0.0000**0.0000**I(0)
LSUK0.0142**0.0000**0.0000**0.0067**0.0000**0.0000**0.0000**0.0000**I(0)
LGFCF0.0008**0.20880.38510.28070.69020.0004**0.0020**0.0000**I(0)
LGGFE0.0000**0.0144**0.0238**0.0100**0.92300.0002**0.0004**0.0000**I(0)
LINF0.49690.0121**0.0231**0.27410.99630.0023**0.0000**0.0000**I(0)
LTOPN0.68130.52180.18460.0446**0.73250.0063**0.0153**0.0000**I(0)
LFDI0.0024**0.0017**0.0036**0.29090.48990.0000**0.0000**0.0000**I(0)
Full sample
LGDPG0.0193**0.0000**0.0000**0.0000**0.07690.0000**0.0000**0.0000**I(0)
LSUK0.0000**0.0002**0.0011**0.0107**0.0000**0.0000**0.0000**0.0000**I(0)
LGFCF0.0009**0.31980.44300.16650.15860.0000**0.0000**0.0000**I(0)
LGGFE0.0000**0.11270.17280.0010**0.10250.0000**0.0000**0.0000**I(0)
LINF0.15170.0000**0.0000**0.0004**0.73880.0000**0.0000**0.0000**I(0)
LTOPN0.0078**0.53710.61480.93290.73770.0000**0.0000**0.0000**I(0)
LFDI0.06350.0007**0.0014**0.07520.0381**0.0000**0.0000**0.0000**I(0)
DUMMY GFC0.52510.0283**0.12110.0878I(0)

Note(s): The table reports panel unit root test outcomes (LLC, IPS, ADF, PP) for all variables across pre-, during- and post-GFC periods, as well as the full sample, at both levels I(0) and first differences I(1) at the 5% level of significance, with the Status column showing the inferred integration order

Source(s): Authors’ own calculations

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