Table 1.

Key findings of non-destructive tests (Stochino et al., 2017b)

MethodPurposeKey findings
X-ray diffraction (XRD)Identify mineralogical changes
  • Undamaged: Calcite, dolomite, portlandite, ettringite present

 
  • Fire-damaged: Absence of portlandite (>500°C), formation of perovskite, spurrite

 
  • Decarbonation of calcite/dolomite (∼700°C–900°C)

DTA and thermogravimetry (TG)Track thermal decomposition and estimate temperature
  • Undamaged: Peaks at ∼120°C (water), ∼500°C (portlandite), ∼750°C–950°C (carbonate decomposition)

 
  • Damaged: Loss of portlandite peak, high-temp decarbonation (∼880°C), shifted dehydroxylation onset

Optical microscopy (OM)Assess microstructural damage and colour change
  • Undamaged: Compact, intact transition zone

 
  • Damaged: Microcracks (20–40 µm), reddening at 300°C–350°C, whitening at 600°C–900°C, surface pulverisation (>700°C)

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)High-resolution imaging of microstructure
  • Undamaged: Dense CSH, visible ettringite, no interfacial cracks

 
  • Damaged: Globular phases (melting), microcracks, aggregate-paste detachment, CSH degradation (>300°C)

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