TABLE 4 Mean Scores ( SD ) for Essential...

TABLE 4

Mean Scores (SD) for Essential Features of Inquiry Found in U.S. and Japanese Classroom Practice and Effect of Country

Essential Feature of Inquiry	Student Self-Directedness X					Depth of Conceptual Links Y
Essential Feature of Inquiry	US (N = 9)	JP(N = 14)	F Value	p Value	η²	US (N = 9)	JP(N = 14)	F Value	p Value	η²
1. Students engage in scientifically oriented questions	1.11 (.33)	1.14 (.53)	1.27	.278	.07	3.89 (1.05)	2.93 (1.44)	6.88	.018*	.30
2. Student gives priority to evidence in responding to questions	1.89 (.33)	1.71 (.73)	.74	.403	.04	2.67 (1.12)	1.71 (.73)	5.92	.027*	.27
3. Student formulates explanations from evidence	2.33 (.50)	1.23 (.93)	32.40	.001*	.67	2.11 (1.14)	1.77 (1.17)	.00	1.000	.00
4. Student connects explanations to scientific knowledge	1.00 (.93)	.90 (.32)	.10	.752	.01	1.19 (1.19)	1.80 (1.03)	2.06	.171	.11
5. Student communicates and justifies explanations	1.22 (.44)	.79 (.43)	5.98	.026*	.27	1.50 (.94)	1.57 (.94)	.09	.767	.01

Essential Feature of Inquiry	Student Self-Directedness X					Depth of Conceptual Links Y
Essential Feature of Inquiry	US (N = 9)	JP(N = 14)	F Value	p Value	η²	US (N = 9)	JP(N = 14)	F Value	p Value	η²
1. Students engage in scientifically oriented questions	1.11 (.33)	1.14 (.53)	1.27	.278	.07	3.89 (1.05)	2.93 (1.44)	6.88	.018*	.30
2. Student gives priority to evidence in responding to questions	1.89 (.33)	1.71 (.73)	.74	.403	.04	2.67 (1.12)	1.71 (.73)	5.92	.027*	.27
3. Student formulates explanations from evidence	2.33 (.50)	1.23 (.93)	32.40	.001*	.67	2.11 (1.14)	1.77 (1.17)	.00	1.000	.00
4. Student connects explanations to scientific knowledge	1.00 (.93)	.90 (.32)	.10	.752	.01	1.19 (1.19)	1.80 (1.03)	2.06	.171	.11
5. Student communicates and justifies explanations	1.22 (.44)	.79 (.43)	5.98	.026*	.27	1.50 (.94)	1.57 (.94)	.09	.767	.01

Note: X scores indicate student self-directedness in inquiry activities: 1 = structured inquiry, 2 = guided inquiry, and 3 = open inquiry. Y scores indicate the depth of conceptual links displayed during the lesson, ranging from 1= no conceptual links to 5 = multiple links as conceptual networks. The p value indicates the significance of a main effect for country. *Statistically significant (p < .05).

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