Table 2. Papal letters and... | Emerald Publishing

Table 2.

Papal letters and self-government

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)
	Europe	Europe	Europe	Italy	Italy
Sample outcome	Centuries of autonomy by 1200	Centuries of autonomy by 1200	Centuries of autonomy by 1200	Years with autonomy by 1200	Years with autonomy by 1200
Letter	0.493*** (0.079)	0.297*** (0.077)	0.211** (0.074)	49.31*** (8.603)	19.3* (7.476)
Controls	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes
Polity in 1000 FE	No	No	Yes	NA	NA
Observations	793	793	793	121	121

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)
	Europe	Europe	Europe	Italy	Italy
Sample outcome	Centuries of autonomy by 1200	Centuries of autonomy by 1200	Centuries of autonomy by 1200	Years with autonomy by 1200	Years with autonomy by 1200
Letter	0.493*** (0.079)	0.297*** (0.077)	0.211** (0.074)	49.31*** (8.603)	19.3* (7.476)
Controls	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes
Polity in 1000 FE	No	No	Yes	NA	NA
Observations	793	793	793	121	121

Note(s):

Estimated using OLS; Robust standard errors in parentheses +p < 0.10, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. Controls: sea and river access, elevation, ruggedness, soil quality, logged population size in 1000, urban potential in 1000, bishop in 1000, distance to Rome, connection to Roman road network, conflict exposure; (Italy only) Etruscan past, distance to the Brenner Pass. Table A5 in the Online Appendix presents the regression results with coefficients and standard errors for all controls included

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