Constructs and items used in the survey
| Constructs | Item | References | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Stakeholder Integration (SI) | |||
| Knowledge (KNOW) | KNOW1 | In our company, we keep documented information on the previous relationships with relevant stakeholders (important meetings, conflicts, agreements, judicial or extrajudicial demands, etc.) | Plaza-Úbeda et al. (2010) |
| KNOW2 | In our company, we collect knowledge of all stakeholders and their demands | ||
| KNOW3 | In our company, we have a lack of information and documentation on stakeholders' demands (r) | ||
| KNOW4 | In our company, we dedicate little time and few resources to knowing the characteristics of our stakeholders (r) | ||
| Interaction (INTER) | INTER1 | In our company, we conduct frequent meetings with our relevant stakeholders | |
| INTER2 | In our company, we dedicate time and resources to assessing and prioritizing the demands of the different stakeholders | ||
| INTER3 | In our company, we often consult the relevant stakeholders and ask them for information before making decisions | ||
| INTER4 | In our company, we proceed with intense formal or informal cooperation with the relevant stakeholders | ||
| INTER5 | In our company, we ensure that relevant stakeholders participate in the decision-making processes | ||
| Adaptation (ADAP) | ADAP1 | In our company, we make a special effort to prepare the information for the different stakeholdersb | |
| ADAP2 | In our company, we have frequent managerial debates about the demands of the relevant stakeholders | ||
| ADAP3 | In our company, we are willing to change our objectives and priorities in line with relevant stakeholders' demands | ||
| ADAP4 | In our company, we are willing to implement organizational changes following key stakeholders' demands | ||
| ADAP5 | In our company, we dedicate little time and few resources to adapting to relevant stakeholders' demands (r) | ||
| Green Absorptive Capacity (GAC) | |||
| Green knowledge acquisition (GKAC) | GKAC1 | Our company acquires information on society's environmental demands, legislation, and technological development | Abareshi and Molla (2013), Bálint et al. (2021), Gluch et al. (2009), Lichtenthaler (2009), Schmidt (2010) |
| GKAC2 | Our company carries out initial environmental reviewsa | ||
| GKAC3 | Our company is aware of competitors green technologies/practices | ||
| GKAC4 | Our company carries out market research for sustainability-related issuesb | ||
| GKAC5 | Our company carries out ecological benchmarks | ||
| Green knowledge integration (GKIN) | GKIN1 | Our company has set up measurable environmental goals | |
| GKIN2 | Our company encourages its employees to participate in environmental training programs | ||
| GKIN3 | Our company applies routines for assessing the environmental impact of its operations and services, e.g., through life cycle analysis | ||
| GKIN4 | Our company has routines for collaborative interpretation and assessment of changing market demands and technological developmentsb | ||
| GKIN5 | Our company has routines for collective understanding and evaluation of initial ideas for green innovationa | ||
| GKIN6 | Our company regularly performs environmental audits | ||
| GKIN7 | Our company systematically uses key indicators to monitor its environmental performance | ||
| GKIN8 | Our company applies routines for sharing expertise/experience to develop new green practicesa | ||
| Green knowledge exploitation (GKEX) | GKEX1 | Our company utilizes environmental considerations in its strategic decisions | |
| GKEX2 | Our company applies new knowledge and technologies to its green practices | ||
| GKEX3 | Our company applies company-wide coordinated improvement and technology implementation plans to improve its environmental performance | ||
| GKEX4 | Our company encourages its employees to experiment and learn from mistakes as part of implementing environmentally friendly practices | ||
| Green Innovations | |||
| Green Process Innovations in Transportation (GPITR) | GPITR1 | Our company takes measures to reduce its fuel use in transportation (e.g., through eco-driving training programs, telematics-based routing, the newest low-emission vehicles, aerodynamic measures, etc.) | Bálint et al. (2021), Chu et al. (2018), Laguir et al. (2021), Lin and Ho (2011) |
| GPITR2 | Our company optimizes its transport practices to improve asset utilization (e.g., through measures that increase the load factor, GPS-supported fleet management, loading technology, changes in the swap bodies size, etc.) | ||
| GPITR3 | Our company optimizes its transportation policies to prevent pollution (e.g., reducing the demand for freight transportation, switching to lower-carbon energy, etc.) | ||
| Green Process Innovations in Packaging (GPIPG) | GPIPG1 | Our company continuously makes efforts to reduce the overall packaging material | |
| GPIPG2 | Our company uses reusable and/or recyclable packaging materials | ||
| GPIPG3 | Our company uses environmentally friendly packaging materials (e.g., recycled plastic, bio-, paper-based or compostable materials) | ||
| GPIPG4 | Our company introduced individual waste collecting and sorting systemsa | ||
| Green Process Innovations in/around Warehouses/Building (GPIWB) | GPIWB1 | Our company makes efforts to reduce its electricity consumption in its warehouses/buildings (e.g., modernizing illumination, insulating the walls and roofs, heat recovery of ventilation and/or refrigerating systems, etc.) | |
| GPIWB2 | Our company aims to integrate renewable energy sources into its core operations (e.g., photovoltaic systems, geothermal energy, wind power, and/or hydropower) | ||
| GPIWB3 | Our company makes efforts for rainwater recovery and management (e.g., using rainwater for landscape irrigation, watering the green roof of warehouses, and/or for cleaning purposes) | ||
| GPIWB4 | Our company aims to reduce the harmfulness of used material for building warehouses and/or thermal insulation of current warehouses | ||
| GPIWB5 | Our company takes measures to preserve the local biodiversity around its properties | ||
| Green Service Innovations (GSIN) | GSIN1 | Low-emission transportation/distribution services | |
| GSIN2 | Individual environmentally friendly packaging solutionsb | ||
| GSIN3 | Sustainable (e.g., CO2-neutral) warehousing solutionsa | ||
| GSIN4 | Reverse logistics and/or recycling services (self-performed and/or externally contracted) | ||
| GSIN5 | Shippers' carbon footprint calculation services | ||
| GSIN6 | Carbon-offsetting services | ||
| Marker Variable | |||
| Specialisation (MARK) | MARK1 | Our firm has a large number of “specialist” employees who perform narrowly defined sets of activities | Daugherty et al. (2011) |
| MARK2 | We expect our employees to be experts only in their areas of responsibility | ||
| MARK3 | Most of our firm's employees are generalists who perform a wide variety of tasks (r) | ||
| Constructs | Item | References | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Stakeholder Integration (SI) | |||
| Knowledge (KNOW) | KNOW1 | In our company, we keep documented information on the previous relationships with relevant stakeholders (important meetings, conflicts, agreements, judicial or extrajudicial demands, etc.) | |
| KNOW2 | In our company, we collect knowledge of all stakeholders and their demands | ||
| KNOW3 | In our company, we have a lack of information and documentation on stakeholders' demands (r) | ||
| KNOW4 | In our company, we dedicate little time and few resources to knowing the characteristics of our stakeholders (r) | ||
| Interaction (INTER) | INTER1 | In our company, we conduct frequent meetings with our relevant stakeholders | |
| INTER2 | In our company, we dedicate time and resources to assessing and prioritizing the demands of the different stakeholders | ||
| INTER3 | In our company, we often consult the relevant stakeholders and ask them for information before making decisions | ||
| INTER4 | In our company, we proceed with intense formal or informal cooperation with the relevant stakeholders | ||
| INTER5 | In our company, we ensure that relevant stakeholders participate in the decision-making processes | ||
| Adaptation (ADAP) | ADAP1 | In our company, we make a special effort to prepare the information for the different stakeholders | |
| ADAP2 | In our company, we have frequent managerial debates about the demands of the relevant stakeholders | ||
| ADAP3 | In our company, we are willing to change our objectives and priorities in line with relevant stakeholders' demands | ||
| ADAP4 | In our company, we are willing to implement organizational changes following key stakeholders' demands | ||
| ADAP5 | In our company, we dedicate little time and few resources to adapting to relevant stakeholders' demands (r) | ||
| Green Absorptive Capacity (GAC) | |||
| Green knowledge acquisition (GKAC) | GKAC1 | Our company acquires information on society's environmental demands, legislation, and technological development | |
| GKAC2 | Our company carries out initial environmental reviews | ||
| GKAC3 | Our company is aware of competitors green technologies/practices | ||
| GKAC4 | Our company carries out market research for sustainability-related issues | ||
| GKAC5 | Our company carries out ecological benchmarks | ||
| Green knowledge integration (GKIN) | GKIN1 | Our company has set up measurable environmental goals | |
| GKIN2 | Our company encourages its employees to participate in environmental training programs | ||
| GKIN3 | Our company applies routines for assessing the environmental impact of its operations and services, e.g., through life cycle analysis | ||
| GKIN4 | Our company has routines for collaborative interpretation and assessment of changing market demands and technological developments | ||
| GKIN5 | Our company has routines for collective understanding and evaluation of initial ideas for green innovation | ||
| GKIN6 | Our company regularly performs environmental audits | ||
| GKIN7 | Our company systematically uses key indicators to monitor its environmental performance | ||
| GKIN8 | Our company applies routines for sharing expertise/experience to develop new green practices | ||
| Green knowledge exploitation (GKEX) | GKEX1 | Our company utilizes environmental considerations in its strategic decisions | |
| GKEX2 | Our company applies new knowledge and technologies to its green practices | ||
| GKEX3 | Our company applies company-wide coordinated improvement and technology implementation plans to improve its environmental performance | ||
| GKEX4 | Our company encourages its employees to experiment and learn from mistakes as part of implementing environmentally friendly practices | ||
| Green Innovations | |||
| Green Process Innovations in Transportation (GPITR) | GPITR1 | Our company takes measures to reduce its fuel use in transportation (e.g., through eco-driving training programs, telematics-based routing, the newest low-emission vehicles, aerodynamic measures, etc.) | |
| GPITR2 | Our company optimizes its transport practices to improve asset utilization (e.g., through measures that increase the load factor, GPS-supported fleet management, loading technology, changes in the swap bodies size, etc.) | ||
| GPITR3 | Our company optimizes its transportation policies to prevent pollution (e.g., reducing the demand for freight transportation, switching to lower-carbon energy, etc.) | ||
| Green Process Innovations in Packaging (GPIPG) | GPIPG1 | Our company continuously makes efforts to reduce the overall packaging material | |
| GPIPG2 | Our company uses reusable and/or recyclable packaging materials | ||
| GPIPG3 | Our company uses environmentally friendly packaging materials (e.g., recycled plastic, bio-, paper-based or compostable materials) | ||
| GPIPG4 | Our company introduced individual waste collecting and sorting systems | ||
| Green Process Innovations in/around Warehouses/Building (GPIWB) | GPIWB1 | Our company makes efforts to reduce its electricity consumption in its warehouses/buildings (e.g., modernizing illumination, insulating the walls and roofs, heat recovery of ventilation and/or refrigerating systems, etc.) | |
| GPIWB2 | Our company aims to integrate renewable energy sources into its core operations (e.g., photovoltaic systems, geothermal energy, wind power, and/or hydropower) | ||
| GPIWB3 | Our company makes efforts for rainwater recovery and management (e.g., using rainwater for landscape irrigation, watering the green roof of warehouses, and/or for cleaning purposes) | ||
| GPIWB4 | Our company aims to reduce the harmfulness of used material for building warehouses and/or thermal insulation of current warehouses | ||
| GPIWB5 | Our company takes measures to preserve the local biodiversity around its properties | ||
| Green Service | GSIN1 | Low-emission transportation/distribution services | |
| GSIN2 | Individual environmentally friendly packaging solutions | ||
| GSIN3 | Sustainable (e.g., CO2-neutral) warehousing solutions | ||
| GSIN4 | Reverse logistics and/or recycling services (self-performed and/or externally contracted) | ||
| GSIN5 | Shippers' carbon footprint calculation services | ||
| GSIN6 | Carbon-offsetting services | ||
| Marker Variable | |||
| Specialisation (MARK) | MARK1 | Our firm has a large number of “specialist” employees who perform narrowly defined sets of activities | |
| MARK2 | We expect our employees to be experts only in their areas of responsibility | ||
| MARK3 | Most of our firm's employees are generalists who perform a wide variety of tasks (r) | ||
Note(s) aDropped in the pretest stage;
bDropped in the subsequent validation stage; (r) = inverse item.
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