Table 1 R2D2/C3PO Components,... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

R2D2/C3PO Components, Instructional Strategies/Learning Activities, Synchronous Tools

R2D2/C3PO Component	Instructional Strategies/Learning Activities	Synchronous Web-Conferencing Tools
Read/listening	Reading materials online or offline. Creating participant manuals for each live synchronous event. Listening to audio materials online or offline. Synchronous expert lectures/presentations/tutorials Demonstrations.	Downloadable participant manuals as pdf and/or word files. Downloadable audio files. Downloadable video/multimedia files. “Live” synchronous facilitator/faculty presentation/demonstrations/lectures. Facilitator/faculty tools include whiteboards, chats, application sharing, file transfer, share pods, screen sharing, PowerPoint slides, polls, and note boards for announcements, Q&A, and FAQs. Links to websites.
Reflect/writing/sharing	Time allocated for reflection: Prework During synchronous event. Between synchronous events (multievent course) Small group discussion. Focus group discussion. Online role play. Self-assessment. Online quizzes. Practice.	Downloadable participant manuals used to write reflections and journal. Chat pods used for sharing reflections with other participants. Polls used to capture self-assessment and compare anonymously with other participants. Breakout rooms used for small group discussions, debates, mock trials, role play, practice with partners, and focus groups.
Display	Visual Representations including: pictures, diagrams, graphs, multimedia, video, charts, animations. Demonstrations.	Downloadable participant manuals with visual representations of key concepts. Facilitator/faculty “live” presentation using a share pod with a PowerPoint presentation with robust visuals to help explain concepts. Visual of the facilitator/faculty presenting or demonstrating “live,”which enhances teacher presence. Links to videos on YouTube, TED Talks, Khan Academy et cetera.
Doing	Caselettes (short cases). Case Studies. Practice. Project-based learning. Collaborative group project, paper, et cetera Cognitive Apprenticeship. Assessment.	Downloadable participant manuals with case, project, collaboration, and apprenticeship instructions. Live facilitator/faculty presentation, demonstration, and modeling for all activities. Time allocated for reflection and Q&A. Breakout rooms with whiteboards and chat pods for individual and collaborative work. Polls available, when needed. Breakout rooms for practice with partners or in larger groups, such as triads. “Live” individual or group presentations in the main room.
Coaching	Cognitive apprenticeships. Scaffolding. Interactive feedback.	Facilitator/faculty feedback through “live” voice, chat, and private chat. Peer coaching in breakouts and private chats.
Conviviality	Ground rules to encourage collaboration, cooperation, and trust.	Participatory establishment of ground rules using “live” discussion, chats, whiteboard tools, and polls.
Critical Incident Questionnaire (CIT)	Use CIT for immediate student feedback between instructional events.	Downloadable form or anonymous poll.
Planning/organization	Fast start Quick reference Participant manual Timeline for all activities. Time for reflection during event and between events.	Fast start and quick reference guides on how to use the web conferencing tools. Participant manual containing content and exercise during the live session. Facilitator/faculty manual with suggested timelines for all activities. Reflection time built into all events.

R2D2/C3PO Component	Instructional Strategies/Learning Activities	Synchronous Web-Conferencing Tools
Read/listening	Reading materials online or offline. Creating participant manuals for each live synchronous event. Listening to audio materials online or offline. Synchronous expert lectures/presentations/tutorials Demonstrations.	Downloadable participant manuals as pdf and/or word files. Downloadable audio files. Downloadable video/multimedia files. “Live” synchronous facilitator/faculty presentation/demonstrations/lectures. Facilitator/faculty tools include whiteboards, chats, application sharing, file transfer, share pods, screen sharing, PowerPoint slides, polls, and note boards for announcements, Q&A, and FAQs. Links to websites.
Reflect/writing/sharing	Time allocated for reflection: Prework During synchronous event. Between synchronous events (multievent course) Small group discussion. Focus group discussion. Online role play. Self-assessment. Online quizzes. Practice.	Downloadable participant manuals used to write reflections and journal. Chat pods used for sharing reflections with other participants. Polls used to capture self-assessment and compare anonymously with other participants. Breakout rooms used for small group discussions, debates, mock trials, role play, practice with partners, and focus groups.
Display	Visual Representations including: pictures, diagrams, graphs, multimedia, video, charts, animations. Demonstrations.	Downloadable participant manuals with visual representations of key concepts. Facilitator/faculty “live” presentation using a share pod with a PowerPoint presentation with robust visuals to help explain concepts. Visual of the facilitator/faculty presenting or demonstrating “live,”which enhances teacher presence. Links to videos on YouTube, TED Talks, Khan Academy et cetera.
Doing	Caselettes (short cases). Case Studies. Practice. Project-based learning. Collaborative group project, paper, et cetera Cognitive Apprenticeship. Assessment.	Downloadable participant manuals with case, project, collaboration, and apprenticeship instructions. Live facilitator/faculty presentation, demonstration, and modeling for all activities. Time allocated for reflection and Q&A. Breakout rooms with whiteboards and chat pods for individual and collaborative work. Polls available, when needed. Breakout rooms for practice with partners or in larger groups, such as triads. “Live” individual or group presentations in the main room.
Coaching	Cognitive apprenticeships. Scaffolding. Interactive feedback.	Facilitator/faculty feedback through “live” voice, chat, and private chat. Peer coaching in breakouts and private chats.
Conviviality	Ground rules to encourage collaboration, cooperation, and trust.	Participatory establishment of ground rules using “live” discussion, chats, whiteboard tools, and polls.
Critical Incident Questionnaire (CIT)	Use CIT for immediate student feedback between instructional events.	Downloadable form or anonymous poll.
Planning/organization	Fast start Quick reference Participant manual Timeline for all activities. Time for reflection during event and between events.	Fast start and quick reference guides on how to use the web conferencing tools. Participant manual containing content and exercise during the live session. Facilitator/faculty manual with suggested timelines for all activities. Reflection time built into all events.

Source:Armstrong (2016a). Reprinted with permission from Nova Science Publishers.