Table 1 Student Variables Identified... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

Student Variables Identified Through Literature Review and Organized by Astin’s IEO Model and the Community of Inquiry Model

Individual Student Characteristics		Educational Characteristics
Student Attributes/Skills	Student External Variables	Social Presence	Instructor Presence	Cognitive Presence
Academic work ethic Beliefs about teaching and learning Self-confidence in learning Self-initiative in learning Prior academic performance (grades) Preadmission major (study area) Previous work experience Ability to filter large amounts of information Ability to prioritize study focus Computer literacy Ability to search information online Time management Reading skills Writing skills Problem-solving skills	Finances Hours worked per week Family demands Outside support and encouragement Life crises	Collaboration with peers online Collaboration with peers face to face Access to student services Social peer interaction Peer support	Instructor responsiveness to student needs Instructor’s ability to foster a sense of community Instructor’s ability to organize course material Instructor’s ability to clarify course/assignment expectations The frequency of instructor interaction Timeliness of information from instructor Timeliness of feedback from the instructor	Degree to which class activities aid reflection and learning Organization of courses in the curriculum Types of available course resources (books, videos) Access to resources outside the classroom (library, physical therapist)

Individual Student Characteristics		Educational Characteristics
Student Attributes/Skills	Student External Variables	Social Presence	Instructor Presence	Cognitive Presence
Academic work ethic Beliefs about teaching and learning Self-confidence in learning Self-initiative in learning Prior academic performance (grades) Preadmission major (study area) Previous work experience Ability to filter large amounts of information Ability to prioritize study focus Computer literacy Ability to search information online Time management Reading skills Writing skills Problem-solving skills	Finances Hours worked per week Family demands Outside support and encouragement Life crises	Collaboration with peers online Collaboration with peers face to face Access to student services Social peer interaction Peer support	Instructor responsiveness to student needs Instructor’s ability to foster a sense of community Instructor’s ability to organize course material Instructor’s ability to clarify course/assignment expectations The frequency of instructor interaction Timeliness of information from instructor Timeliness of feedback from the instructor	Degree to which class activities aid reflection and learning Organization of courses in the curriculum Types of available course resources (books, videos) Access to resources outside the classroom (library, physical therapist)