Table 1 Analytical framework: dimensions... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

Analytical framework: dimensions of project complexity in product development

Dimension of project complexity	Description	Kim and Wilemon (2003)	Vidal et al. (2011)	Baccarini (1996)	Kiridena and Sense (2016)	Bosch-Rekveldt et al. (2011)	Schuh et al. (2016)	Tatikonda and Rosenthal (2000)	Odusanya et al. (2021)	Geraldi et al. (2011)	Pinciroli (2024)	Bakhshi et al. (2016)	Mikkelsen (2021)
Technological	This dimension captures project complexity arising from: Number of product subsystems or parts (e.g. mechanical, electronic, and software) and the extent of their interaction and integration Number, novelty, and diversity of technologies or tools employed Product architecture Introduction of and variation in information systems or methods Need for refactoring Definition of and compliance with product quality requirements	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
Environmental	This dimension captures project complexity arising from: Changing market demands Shifting industry standards or unsettled dominant design Intensity of competition Uncertainty and ambiguity of external factors (e.g. external political influences and regulatory frameworks)	X	X		X	X	X		X			X
Marketing	This dimension captures project complexity arising from: Managing requirements in a new and/or unfamiliar market Managing new and/or unfamiliar distribution, promotion, or communication channels Setting pricing policies Customer involvement Compatibility with customers’ technologies or necessary adaptations Customers’ training and experience	X								X	X
Development	This dimension captures the project complexity arising from: Need to forecast development efforts, financial investment, and time requirements Learning curve Constraints on available resources Interdependencies among development stages Constraints on the availability of information and expertise for decision-making and problem-solving Involved business processes Scope of the development project and its objectives Overall project duration	X	X		X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
Organizational	This dimension captures project complexity arising from: Team members geographical distribution Language barriers Teamwork dynamics Team members’ personalities Communication and reporting structures Capability gaps within/across teams Governance and leadership style Decision-making systems and the distribution of authority and responsibility Project size The number and variety of specialists, disciplines, and departments involved and their need for cooperation or collaboration Socio-organizational factors Number and diversity of stakeholders and their respective interests	X	X	X	X	X	X		X	X		X	X
Interorganizational	This dimension captures project complexity arising from: Number of partner organizations and the nature of their interdependencies and potential conflicts Involvement of consultants and/or contractors Dynamics of the network environment Challenges associated with joint ventures, partnerships, and cooperative arrangements Heterogeneity of the organizations involved Differences in organizational cultures and values	X	X			X						X

Dimension of project complexity	Description	Kim and Wilemon (2003)	Vidal et al. (2011)	Baccarini (1996)	Kiridena and Sense (2016)	Bosch-Rekveldt et al. (2011)	Schuh et al. (2016)	Tatikonda and Rosenthal (2000)	Odusanya et al. (2021)	Geraldi et al. (2011)	Pinciroli (2024)	Bakhshi et al. (2016)	Mikkelsen (2021)
Technological	This dimension captures project complexity arising from: Number of product subsystems or parts (e.g. mechanical, electronic, and software) and the extent of their interaction and integration Number, novelty, and diversity of technologies or tools employed Product architecture Introduction of and variation in information systems or methods Need for refactoring Definition of and compliance with product quality requirements	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
Environmental	This dimension captures project complexity arising from: Changing market demands Shifting industry standards or unsettled dominant design Intensity of competition Uncertainty and ambiguity of external factors (e.g. external political influences and regulatory frameworks)	X	X		X	X	X		X			X
Marketing	This dimension captures project complexity arising from: Managing requirements in a new and/or unfamiliar market Managing new and/or unfamiliar distribution, promotion, or communication channels Setting pricing policies Customer involvement Compatibility with customers’ technologies or necessary adaptations Customers’ training and experience	X								X	X
Development	This dimension captures the project complexity arising from: Need to forecast development efforts, financial investment, and time requirements Learning curve Constraints on available resources Interdependencies among development stages Constraints on the availability of information and expertise for decision-making and problem-solving Involved business processes Scope of the development project and its objectives Overall project duration	X	X		X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
Organizational	This dimension captures project complexity arising from: Team members geographical distribution Language barriers Teamwork dynamics Team members’ personalities Communication and reporting structures Capability gaps within/across teams Governance and leadership style Decision-making systems and the distribution of authority and responsibility Project size The number and variety of specialists, disciplines, and departments involved and their need for cooperation or collaboration Socio-organizational factors Number and diversity of stakeholders and their respective interests	X	X	X	X	X	X		X	X		X	X
Interorganizational	This dimension captures project complexity arising from: Number of partner organizations and the nature of their interdependencies and potential conflicts Involvement of consultants and/or contractors Dynamics of the network environment Challenges associated with joint ventures, partnerships, and cooperative arrangements Heterogeneity of the organizations involved Differences in organizational cultures and values	X	X			X						X

Source(s): Authors' own work