Voting systems and infant children.
| Females | Males | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
| Universal vote-by-mail × | 0.049 | 0.052 | 0.033 | 0.056 |
| Child under age 1 | (0.006) | (0.018) | (0.021) | (0.031) |
| Permanent absentee × | 0.008 | 0.008 | ||
| Child under age 1 | (0.014) | (0.015) | ||
| No-excuse absentee × | −0.005 | 0.016 | ||
| Child under age 1 | (0.012) | (0.020) | ||
| Early voting × | 0.019 | −0.011 | ||
| Child under age 1 | (0.015) | (0.023) | ||
| Election day registration × | 0.035 | 0.012 | ||
| Child under age 1 | (0.025) | (0.027) | ||
| Automatic registration × | 0.048 | -0.030 | ||
| Child under age 1 | (0.030) | (0.054) | ||
| Observations | 216,123 | 216,123 | 197,500 | 197,500 |
| R2 | 0.212 | 0.212 | 0.197 | 0.199 |
| Females | Males | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
| Universal vote-by-mail × | 0.049 | 0.052 | 0.033 | 0.056 |
| Child under age 1 | (0.006) | (0.018) | (0.021) | (0.031) |
| Permanent absentee × | 0.008 | 0.008 | ||
| Child under age 1 | (0.014) | (0.015) | ||
| No-excuse absentee × | −0.005 | 0.016 | ||
| Child under age 1 | (0.012) | (0.020) | ||
| Early voting × | 0.019 | −0.011 | ||
| Child under age 1 | (0.015) | (0.023) | ||
| Election day registration × | 0.035 | 0.012 | ||
| Child under age 1 | (0.025) | (0.027) | ||
| Automatic registration × | 0.048 | -0.030 | ||
| Child under age 1 | (0.030) | (0.054) | ||
| Observations | 216,123 | 216,123 | 197,500 | 197,500 |
| 0.212 | 0.212 | 0.197 | 0.199 | |
Note: This table shows parameter estimates and standard errors (in parentheses) from estimating Equation (2). The dependent variable equals 1 if the individual voted and 0 if she was eligible but did not vote. All regressions include state-by-year fixed effects, state by child under 1 fixed effects, year by child under 1 fixed effects, and controls for race (White, Black, Latino, Asian), educational attainment (high school graduate, some college, college graduate, post-college), whether the individual is a naturalized citizen, whether the individual is married, whether voting behavior is reported by self or proxy, duration at current residence (indicators for less than 1 year, 1–2 years, and 3–4 years), and indicators for children ages 1–17. They also include fixed effects for each age interacted with the voting system(s) studied in each column. Colorado is excluded in all years. Observations are weighted using the CPS voter supplement weights. Standard errors are clustered at the state level.
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