Table 4.

Performance below aspiration and enterprise digital transformation

 (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)
VariablesDTDTDTDTDT
SIZE0.297*** (0.023)0.284*** (0.023)0.272*** (0.023)0.271*** (0.024)0.220*** (0.023)
AGE1.210*** (0.059)1.333*** (0.064)1.278*** (0.065)1.045*** (0.078)0.230** (0.095)
LEV−0.466*** (0.121)−0.435*** (0.125)−0.414*** (0.124)−0.424*** (0.124)−0.262** (0.121)
BOARD0.150** (0.071)0.215*** (0.074)0.215*** (0.074)0.214*** (0.074)0.243*** (0.073)
DUAL0.020 (0.027)0.028 (0.027)0.030 (0.027)0.028 (0.027)0.020 (0.027)
CASH−0.233** (0.094)−0.126 (0.100)−0.118 (0.099)−0.205** (0.099)−0.158* (0.095)
AUDIT0.052 (0.042)0.047 (0.043)0.044 (0.043)0.032 (0.042)0.015 (0.041)
OWN−0.089 (0.065)−0.095 (0.066)−0.094 (0.066)−0.097 (0.066)−0.053 (0.064)
SC−0.645*** (0.145)−0.553*** (0.148)−0.559*** (0.148)−0.528*** (0.147)−0.501*** (0.144)
PBA−0.640*** (0.130)−2.119*** (0.290)−10.777*** (3.303)2.292*** (0.560)
PBA2−4.550*** (0.800)−28.630*** (9.624)5.689*** (1.594)
NP0.134*** (0.023)
PBA × NP0.814*** (0.309)
PBA2 × NP2.216** (0.890)
MP0.395*** (0.029)
PBA × MP−1.956*** (0.279)
PBA2 × MP−4.618*** (0.768)
Firm FEYesYesYesYesYes
Industry/yearYesYesYesYesYes
Constant−9.320*** (0.480)−9.623*** (0.499)−9.263*** (0.501)−9.959*** (0.535)−5.692*** (0.531)
Adjusted R20.1420.1330.1430.1620.245
Observations24,55022,61022,61022,61022,610
Note(s):

Standard errors in parentheses; *p < 0.10, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01

Source(s): Authors’ own work

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